ArticlePediatric research2022
Preterm to term infant postmenstrual age reference intervals for thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine.
Article in Pediatric research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sodium supplementation strategies in preterm infants: effects on growth, electrolyte balance, and exploratory evidence on neurodevelopment - a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Newborn screening for primary congenital hypothyroidism: past, present and future.European thyroid journal · 2025Review
- Neonatal Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Reference Intervals in Multi-Ethnics Population.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Reference intervals for thyroid function from the fifth to seventh day of life in twin-pregnancy preterm neonates: an 8-year retrospective study.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2024Article
- Hypothyroxinemia and weight velocity in preterm infants.Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM · 2024Article
- Emerging research themes in maternal hypothyroidism: a bibliometric exploration.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Postnatal Serum Total Thyroxine Level Associated with Short- and Long-Term Anthropometric Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Indirect reference intervals using an R pipeline.Journal of mass spectrometry and advances in the clinical lab · 2022Article
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6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInfants born preterm are affected by a hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis that is immature and still developing as they progress closer to corrected term gestation. Multiple risk factors place preterm infants at risk for a hypothyroid state. However, there is variability in thyroid-stimulating hormone cutoff values and limited data on free thyroxine reference intervals to guide clinicians.
methods1584 thyroid-stimulating hormone and 1576 free thyroxine laboratory samples that were originally collected to screen hospitalized infants for delayed-onset of hypothyroidism were retrospectively evaluated from a group of 1087 infants who ranged in postmenstrual age from 25 to 43 weeks gestation at the time of laboratory sample collection. Median thyroid hormone values and reference intervals were established using R and the mixtools package.
resultsThyroid-stimulating hormone reference intervals remained similar across gestational ages from 0.340-9.681 µIU/mL in 25-27 6/7-week infants to 1.090-7.627 µIU/mL in 40-43-weeks infants. For the same age groups, free thyroxine reference intervals increased from 0.42-0.91 ng/dL to 0.87-1.32 ng/dL.
conclusionThe reference intervals identified suggest that infants <31 weeks gestation have a higher thyroid-stimulating hormone and lower free thyroxine level at baseline than previously anticipated. IMPACT: The increasing free thyroxine values in preterm to term infants indicate a maturing hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Clinicians need thyroid hormone reference intervals that also vary by postmenstrual age to aid the evaluation of sick preterm infants who are at risk of a delayed hypothyroidism diagnosis that can be missed on the initial newborn screen. This study provides one of the largest samples of thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine data to establish reference intervals in preterm infants. Clinicians may utilize the identified postmenstrual age-based reference intervals to inform follow-up thyroid testing in preterm infants at several weeks postnatal age.
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