ArticlePreventive medicine2022
Who is likely to vacillate in their COVID-19 vaccination decision? Free-riding intention and post-positive reluctance.
Article in Preventive medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID vaccination and economic game decisions: The role of analytical thinking.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Free Riding in Healthcare Through a Game-Theoretic Lens: A Cross-Domain Narrative Review and Conceptual Synthesis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Perceived social support and self-stigma as factors of COVID-19 booster vaccination behavior and intention via cognitive coping and emotion regulation among people infected with COVID-19 in Hong Kong.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Positivity, daily time use, mood, and functioning in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Results from the diapason multicentric study.The International journal of social psychiatry · 2024Article
- To vaccinate or not to vaccinate? The interplay between pro- and against- vaccination reasons.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Openness buffers the impact of Belief in Conspiracy Theories on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Evidence from a large, representative Italian sample.Personality and individual differences · 2023Article
- The Interplay of Perceived Risks and Benefits in Deciding to Become Vaccinated against COVID-19 While Pregnant or Breastfeeding: A Cross-Sectional Study in Italy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- The influence of social conformity on mask-wearing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Risk communication and risk perception along with its influencing factors in Covid-19 disease: Focusing on the Extended Parallel Process Model.International journal of disaster risk reduction : IJDRR · 2023Article
- Vaccination, time lost from work, and COVID-19 infections: a Canadian healthcare worker retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide and its associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Science in One Health · 2023Review
- Psychological factors associated with vaccination hesitancy: an observational study of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in a later phase of the pandemic in Italy.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Conspiracy mentality and health-related behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multiwave survey in Italy.Public health · 2023Article
- A cross-national study of multilevel determinants on public fully vaccination against COVID-19.Health & place · 2023Article
- Are psychological status and trust in information related to vaccine hesitancy during COVID-19 pandemic? A latent class and mediation analyses in Italy.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Article
- Behavioral and Cultural Insights, a Nationwide Study Based on Repetitive Surveys of WHO Behavioral Insights Tool in Greece Regarding COVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccine Acceptance.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Main Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake among Italian Healthcare Workers in Relation to Variable Degrees of Hesitancy: Result from a Cross-Sectional Online Survey.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Article
- People's perspectives about COVID-19 vaccination certificate: Findings from a representative Italian sample.Vaccine · 2022Article
- Multilevel determinants on COVID-19 booster intention among Americans.Preventive medicine · 2022Article
- Psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy assessed in a four-waves survey.Scientific reports · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite the actual availability of COVID-19 vaccines to combat the pandemic, many people are still vacillating in their decision to vaccinate. In this study, we considered the effect of two relevant contextual issues on vaccination intention: the number of people infected with COVID-19 is increasing, and the pace of vaccination is gaining speed. Specifically, we hypothesized that having already contracted SARS-CoV-2 (post-positive reluctance) could lead people to underestimate the importance of vaccination. Moreover, as the number of vaccinated people increases, more hesitant people could fall into the free-riding intention category, benefitting from the immunity provided by others' vaccinations. Vaccine hesitancy becomes more critical as the vaccination campaign proceeds: at one point, it will be inevitable to deal with hesitant people. This study is part of a WHO Regional Office for Europe project and involved a representative sample of 5006 Italians interviewed in January-February 2021. In case of post-positive reluctance, both young age and female gender increase vaccine hesitancy, while a high level of education reduces free-riding intention. Considering post-positive reluctance and free riding, a protective effect on hesitancy is associated with negative affective states, adherence to protective behaviors, trust in health information sources, and resilience. In contrast, increased vaccine hesitancy is associated with a high level of conspiracy-mindedness and trust in media information sources. Recognizing and studying the post-positive reluctance and the phenomenon of free-riding people can help us to become more efficient in combatting the virus.
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