ArticleMolecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy2022
Debulking SARS-CoV-2 in saliva using angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in chewing gum to decrease oral virus transmission and infection.
Article in Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Prevention of HNSCC by chewing gum delivery of enzymes/antimicrobials to reduce carcinogenic acetaldehyde produced by pathogenic microbes.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Engineering Marker-Free Lettuce Chloroplast Genome to Express Functional Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Exenatide and Lixisenatide.Plant biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Advanced Dialogues: From Laboratory to Clinics: Plant Cell-Based Affordable Biologics.Advanced genetics (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Experimental Study of Two-Bite Test Parameters for Effective Drug Release from Chewing Gum Using a Novel Bio-Engineered Testbed.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Expression of mannanase and glucanases in lettuce chloroplasts and functional evaluation of enzyme cocktail against Candida albicans in oral cancer patient samples.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- LsBLH2-LsOFP6-LsKANT3 module regulates bolting by orchestrating the gibberellin biosynthesis and metabolism in lettuce.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Expression of endochitinase and exochitinase in lettuce chloroplasts increases plant biomass and kills fungal pathogen Candida albicans.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Clinical studies in Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease dogs: most prescribed ACEI inhibits ACE2 enzyme activity and ARB increases AngII pool in plasma.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Debulking influenza and herpes simplex virus strains by a wide-spectrum anti-viral protein formulated in clinical grade chewing gum.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Recombinant ACE2 - Opportunities and Challenges in COVID-19 Treatment.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Evaluation of Biologics ACE2/Ang(1-7) Encapsulated in Plant Cells for FDA Approval: Safety and Toxicology Studies.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- COVID-19 on Oral Health: A New Bilateral Connection for the Pandemic.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Green Biologics: Harnessing the Power of Plants to Produce Pharmaceuticals.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Article
- Delivery of biologics: Topical administration.Biomaterials · 2023Review
- Dental Medicine and Engineering Unite to Transform Oral Health Innovations.Journal of dental research · 2023Article
- Plant cell-based drug delivery enhances affordability of biologics.Nature biotechnology · 2023Article
- Affordable oral proinsulin bioencapsulated in plant cells regulates blood sugar levels similar to natural insulin.Biomaterials · 2023Article
- A Prototype Assay Multiplexing SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Protease and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 for Saliva-Based Diagnostics in COVID-19.Biosensors · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
To advance a novel concept of debulking virus in the oral cavity, the primary site of viral replication, virus-trapping proteins CTB-ACE2 were expressed in chloroplasts and clinical-grade plant material was developed to meet FDA requirements. Chewing gum (2 g) containing plant cells expressed CTB-ACE2 up to 17.2 mg ACE2/g dry weight (11.7% leaf protein), have physical characteristics and taste/flavor like conventional gums, and no protein was lost during gum compression. CTB-ACE2 gum efficiently (>95%) inhibited entry of lentivirus spike or VSV-spike pseudovirus into Vero/CHO cells when quantified by luciferase or red fluorescence. Incubation of CTB-ACE2 microparticles reduced SARS-CoV-2 virus count in COVID-19 swab/saliva samples by >95% when evaluated by microbubbles (femtomolar concentration) or qPCR, demonstrating both virus trapping and blocking of cellular entry. COVID-19 saliva samples showed low or undetectable ACE2 activity when compared with healthy individuals (2,582 versus 50,126 ΔRFU; 27 versus 225 enzyme units), confirming greater susceptibility of infected patients for viral entry. CTB-ACE2 activity was completely inhibited by pre-incubation with SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain, offering an explanation for reduced saliva ACE2 activity among COVID-19 patients. Chewing gum with virus-trapping proteins offers a general affordable strategy to protect patients from most oral virus re-infections through debulking or minimizing transmission to others.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.