ArticleBMC plant biology2021
Developmental regulation of lupulin gland-associated genes in aromatic and bitter hops (Humulus lupulus L.).
Article in BMC plant biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association mapping for hop cone chemistry and morphology identifies natural beneficial allele stacks.The plant genome · 2026Article
- A flavin-dependent monooxygenase favors the formation of (6S)-α-bitter acids in hop glandular trichomes.Plant communications · 2026Article
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- "Pathomorphogenic" Changes Caused by Citrus Bark Cracking Viroid and Transcription Factor TFIIIA-7ZF Variants Support Viroid Propagation in Tobacco.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Article
- The Influence ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHop (Humulus lupulus L.) bitter acids are valuable metabolites for the brewing industry. They are biosynthesized and accumulate in glandular trichomes of the female inflorescence (hop cone). The content of alpha bitter acids, such as humulones, in hop cones can differentiate aromatic from bitter hop cultivars. These contents are subject to genetic and environmental control but significantly correlate with the number and size of glandular trichomes (lupulin glands).
resultsWe evaluated the expression levels of 37 genes involved in bitter acid biosynthesis and morphological and developmental differentiation of glandular trichomes to identify key regulatory factors involved in bitter acid content differences. For bitter acid biosynthesis genes, upregulation of humulone synthase genes, which are important for the biosynthesis of alpha bitter acids in lupulin glands, could explain the higher accumulation of alpha bitter acids in bitter hops. Several transcription factors, including HlETC1, HlMYB61 and HlMYB5 from the MYB family, as well as HlGLABRA2, HlCYCB2-4, HlZFP8 and HlYABBY1, were also more highly expressed in the bitter hop cultivars; therefore, these factors may be important for the higher density of lupulin glands also seen in the bitter hop cultivars.
conclusionsGene expression analyses enabled us to investigate the differences between aromatic and bitter hops. This study confirmed that the bitter acid content in glandular trichomes (lupulin glands) is dependent on the last step of alpha bitter acid biosynthesis and glandular trichome density.
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