ArticleNature communications2021
Burdens of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 by severity of acute infection, demographics and health status.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 196 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Pilot Study of an Adaptive, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Effect of Metformin in Reducing Fatigue in Long COVID Adolescent Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Evaluating the Neuromodulatory Effect of Ketamine in Long COVID: A Pilot Study Targeting Fatigue and Neurocognitive Symptoms
Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Neural Inflammatory Factors and External Stimulation (MANIFEST)
Who cites it
196 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 323 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of cardiovascular symptoms in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Risk of long COVID main symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Risk of venous thromboembolic events after COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2023Pooled it
- The bidirectional association between diabetes and long-COVID-19 - A systematic review.Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2023Pooled it
- Use of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing to Evaluate Long COVID-19 Symptoms in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- ESCMID rapid guidelines for assessment and management of long COVID.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2022Guideline
- Long COVID After Bamlanivimab Treatment.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- Nirmatrelvir and risk of hospital admission or death in adults with covid-19: emulation of a randomized target trial using electronic health records.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2023Trial
- Metformin and Severe Post-COVID-19 Outcomes Among Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- SSRI prescription during acute COVID-19 and risk of Long COVID symptoms and conditions among patients with depression.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- GLP Medications and Severe Post-COVID-19 Outcomes Among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Folic Acid and Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Postacute COVID-19 Symptoms and Health Care Utilization and Spending Among Traditional Medicare Beneficiaries.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Observational
- Distinct plasma proteome signature at 3 months post-COVID-19 infection irrespective of post-COVID condition.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Post-infection sequelae of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases-a nationwide Danish study with 40-month follow-up.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The age paradox in post-infectious sequelae: physiological reserve outweighs chronological age in Long COVID susceptibility.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Clinical features and inflammatory signatures of patients with persistent gastrointestinal long COVID two years after severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Multilayer metabolomic integration reveals bioenergetic disruption in Long COVID.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Association of COVID-19 Severity with Comorbidities: Results from the World Trade Center Health Registry.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
136 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) have been characterized; however, the burden of PASC remains unknown. Here we used the healthcare databases of the US Department of Veterans Affairs to build a cohort of 181,384 people with COVID-19 and 4,397,509 non-infected controls and estimated that burden of PASC-defined as the presence of at least one sequela in excess of non-infected controls-was 73.43 (72.10, 74.72) per 1000 persons at 6 months. Burdens of individual sequelae varied by demographic groups (age, race, and sex) but were consistently higher in people with poorer baseline health and in those with more severe acute infection. In sum, the burden of PASC is substantial; PASC is non-monolithic with sequelae that are differentially expressed in various population groups. Collectively, our results may be useful in informing health systems capacity planning and care strategies of people with PASC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.