ArticleBMC public health2021
The interaction of adverse childhood experiences and gender as risk factors for depression and anxiety disorders in US adults: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Depression.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2025Pooled it
- Adverse childhood experiences and psychiatric outcomes among women with schizophrenia and depression in Singapore.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Scaling Out the SafeCare Parenting Program: Comparing Task-Shifted and Standard Implementation in a Refugee Community.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2026Article
- Adverse Childhood Experiences, Depression and Subjective Cognitive Decline by Gender: A Moderated Mediation Analysis.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- Associations Between Different Subtypes of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Reproductive Mood Disorders-a Scoping Review.Current psychiatry reports · 2026Article
- Early life adversity shapes adult behavior in a free-ranging primate.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Associations between adverse childhood experiences and progression to incident psychiatric disorders in older adults: A 22-year cohort study.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Impact of adverse life experiences on pain, depression, anxiety, and comorbidities: a youth longitudinal sample.Pain reports · 2026Article
- Complex associations of adverse childhood and adulthood experiences with incident depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older Chinese adults.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Adverse Childhood Experiences Exacerbate Neurobehavioral and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence-Related Head Trauma.Journal of neurotrauma · 2026Article
- Experiences of childhood emotional maltreatment and emotional intelligence in young men.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations between adverse childhood experiences and progression to incident psychiatric disorders in older adults: A 22-year cohort study.Research square · 2025Article
- Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Depression Among Chinese College Students: A Mediated Moderation Model of "Shift-and-Persist" Strategy and Perceived Everyday Discrimination.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Association between Adverse Childhood Events (ACEs) and long-term COVID-19 symptoms: evidence from the 2022 behavioral risk factor surveillance system.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Inflammation and minority stress: A moderated mediation model of childhood adversity and mental health in young men who have sex with men.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Association between adverse childhood experiences and masculinity with well-being: moderating role of behavioural emotional regulation among men of three nations.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Effects of childhood trauma on depression and cognitive function in first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depressed patients: an observational case-control study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Observational
- Five hypothesized biological mechanisms linking adverse childhood experiences with anxiety, depression, and PTSD: A scoping review.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Article
- Hyperactivity in male and female mice manifests differently following early, acute prenatal alcohol exposure and mild juvenile stress.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Silent scars: understanding interpersonal sensitivity, paranoid ideation, and hostility from adverse childhood experiences in Jamaica.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundExposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and being female are distinct risk factors for having a major depressive episode (MDE) or an anxiety disorder (AD) in adulthood, but it is unclear whether these two risk factors are synergistic. The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to ACEs and being female are more than additive (synergistic) in their association with MDE and AD in US adults.
methodsWe pooled cross-sectional survey data in the Midlife in the United States study from two nationally-representative cohorts of English-speaking US adults. Data from the first cohort were collected in 2004-2006 and from the second in 2011-2014. Data from both cohorts included the 12-month prevalence of MDE and AD (generalized anxiety disorder or panic disorder) assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form, gender (here termed female and male), and the count of five categories of exposure to ACEs: physical, sexual, or emotional abuse; household alcohol or substance abuse; and parental separation or divorce.
resultsOf the 5834 survey respondents, 4344 (74.5%) with complete data on ACEs were included in the analysis. Mean (SD) age was 54.1 (13.8) years and 53.9% were female. The prevalences of MDE, AD, and exposure to 3-5 categories of ACEs were 13.7, 10.0, and 12.5%, respectively. After adjusting for covariates (age, race, and current and childhood socioeconomic disadvantage), for those with both risk factors (female and 3-5 ACEs) the prevalence of MDE was 26.9%. This was 10.2% (95% CI: 1.8, 18.5%) higher than the expected prevalence based on the additive associations of the two risk factors. The adjusted prevalence of AD among females with 3-5 ACEs was 21.9%, which was 11.4% (95% CI: 4.0, 18.9%) higher than the expected prevalence.
conclusionsFor both MDE and AD, there was synergy between the two risk factors of exposure to ACEs and being female. Identification and treatment of MDE and AD may benefit from understanding the mechanisms involved in the synergistic interaction of gender with ACEs.
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