Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34770553›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2021

Monte Carlo Dropout for Uncertainty Estimation and Motor Imagery Classification.

Daily Milanés-Hermosilla, Rafael Trujillo Codorniú, René López-Baracaldo, Roberto Sagaró-Zamora, Denis Delisle-Rodriguez, John Jairo Villarejo-Mayor, José Ricardo Núñez-Álvarez

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Daily Milanés-HermosillaDepartment of Automatic Engineering, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90500, Cuba.
Rafael Trujillo CodorniúSerconi, Holguín 80100, Cuba.ORCID 0000-0001-7449-1939
René López-BaracaldoZimtronic, Miami, FL 33222, USA.
Roberto Sagaró-ZamoraDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 90500, Cuba.ORCID 0000-0001-5808-1999
Denis Delisle-RodriguezPostgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-8937-031X
John Jairo Villarejo-MayorDepartment of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80050-520, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0003-2325-1518
José Ricardo Núñez-ÁlvarezDepartment of Energy, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia.ORCID 0000-0002-6607-7305

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Motor Imagery (MI)-based Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) have been widely used as an alternative communication channel to patients with severe motor disabilities, achieving high classification accuracy through machine learning techniques. Recently, deep learning techniques have spotlighted the state-of-the-art of MI-based BCIs. These techniques still lack strategies to quantify predictive uncertainty and may produce overconfident predictions. In this work, methods to enhance the performance of existing MI-based BCIs are proposed in order to obtain a more reliable system for real application scenarios. First, the Monte Carlo dropout (MCD) method is proposed on MI deep neural models to improve classification and provide uncertainty estimation. This approach was implemented using Shallow Convolutional Neural Network (SCNN-MCD) and with an ensemble model (E-SCNN-MCD). As another contribution, to discriminate MI task predictions of high uncertainty, a threshold approach is introduced and tested for both SCNN-MCD and E-SCNN-MCD approaches. The BCI Competition IV Databases 2a and 2b were used to evaluate the proposed methods for both subject-specific and non-subject-specific strategies, obtaining encouraging results for MI recognition.

Indexed as

Brain-Computer InterfacesImaginationAlgorithmsElectroencephalographyHumansUncertaintyBrain–Computer InterfacesMonte Carlo dropoutmotor imageryShallow Convolutional Neural Networkuncertainty estimation

Identifiers

PMID34770553
PMCPMC8588128

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.