ReviewSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2021
From Fully Physical to Virtual Sensing for Water Quality Assessment: A Comprehensive Review of the Relevant State-of-the-Art.
Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Advancements in Monitoring Water Quality Based on Various Sensing Methods: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- A do-it-yourself water quality sensor network to elucidate contaminant signatures and improve land management advice.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Intelligent Water Quality Assessment and Prediction System for Public Networks: A Comparative Analysis of ML Algorithms and Rule-Based Recommender Techniques.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Water quality monitoring using hybrid physical-soft sensors for river digital twins: a comprehensive review.Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research · 2025Review
- An Approach to Modeling and Developing Virtual Sensors Used in the Simulation of Autonomous Vehicles.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A Portable UV-LED/RGB Sensor for Real-Time Bacteriological Water Quality Monitoring Using ML-Based MPN Estimation.Biosensors · 2025Article
- An Approach for Modeling and Simulation of Virtual Sensors in Automatic Control Systems Using Game Engines and Machine Learning.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Challenges and Opportunities in Calibrating Low-Cost Environmental Sensors.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Smart Water Quality Monitoring with IoT Wireless Sensor Networks.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Implementation of remote sensing algorithms to estimate TOC, Chl-a, and TDS in a tropical water body; Sanalona reservoir, Sinaloa, Mexico.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2024Article
- Development of a Soft Sensor Using Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting the Water Quality of an Onsite Wastewater Treatment System.ACS environmental Au · 2023Article
- Review of IoT Sensor Systems Used for Monitoring the Road Infrastructure.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Low-Cost Internet-of-Things Water-Quality Monitoring System for Rural Areas.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- An Analytical Framework on Utilizing Various Integrated Multi-Trophic Scenarios for Basil Production.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Data Augmentation for a Virtual-Sensor-Based Nitrogen and Phosphorus Monitoring.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A Virtual Sensing Concept for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Monitoring Using Machine Learning Techniques.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Simulation of Virtual Redundant Sensor Models for Safety-Related Applications.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rapid urbanization, industrial development, and climate change have resulted in water pollution and in the quality deterioration of surface and groundwater at an alarming rate, deeming its quick, accurate, and inexpensive detection imperative. Despite the latest developments in sensor technologies, real-time determination of certain parameters is not easy or uneconomical. In such cases, the use of data-derived virtual sensors can be an effective alternative. In this paper, the feasibility of virtual sensing for water quality assessment is reviewed. The review focuses on the overview of key water quality parameters for a particular use case and the development of the corresponding cost estimates for their monitoring. The review further evaluates the current state-of-the-art in terms of the modeling approaches used, parameters studied, and whether the inputs were pre-processed by interrogating relevant literature published between 2001 and 2021. The review identified artificial neural networks, random forest, and multiple linear regression as dominant machine learning techniques used for developing inferential models. The survey also highlights the need for a comprehensive virtual sensing system in an internet of things environment. Thus, the review formulates the specification book for the advanced water quality assessment process (that involves a virtual sensing module) that can enable near real-time monitoring of water quality.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.