ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline
- Impact of e-cigarette vaping on the immune system across the body.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Berry e-liquid flavour toxicities are not equal on an alveolar-capillary barrier cell model according to two exposure methods.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Review
- Unflavored electronic cigarette exposure induces alterations in airway ciliary structure and function.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Impact of nicotine-free and nicotine-rich flavored electronic cigarette refill liquids on primary human melanocyte function.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Polarization of THP-1-Derived Human M0 to M1 Macrophages Exposed to Flavored E-Liquids.Toxics · 2025Article
- The rodent electronic nicotine delivery system: Apparatus for voluntary nose-only e-cigarette aerosol inhalation.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2025Article
- Decreased cigarette smoking may partially explain the increased prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in the United States.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- A review of research advances in the modulation of olfactory receptors for COPD inflammation and airway remodeling.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- E-cigarette flavoring chemicals and vehicles adversely impact the functions of pigmented human retinal ARPE-19 cells.Toxicology reports · 2024Article
- Effects of E-Cigs on Physiological Pathways and Proposed Therapeutic Intervention with Bixin.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Toxicity of waterpipe tobacco smoking: the role of flavors, sweeteners, humectants, and charcoal.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2024Review
- The role of puff volume in vaping emissions, inhalation risks, and metabolic perturbations: a pilot study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Dual Exposure to E-Cigarette Vapour and Cigarette Smoke Results in Poorer Airway Cell, Monocyte, and Macrophage Function Than Single Exposure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Zebrafish (International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Review
- Rat bronchoalveolar lavage proteome changes following e-cigarette aerosol exposures.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2023Article
- The relationship between the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and effects on pulmonary immune responses-a literature review.Environmental research · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
E-cigarettes utilize a wide range of flavoring chemicals with respiratory health effects that are not well understood. In this study, we used pulmonary-associated cell lines to assess the in vitro cytotoxic effects of 30 flavoring chemicals. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and both naïve and activated macrophages (THP-1) were treated with 10, 100, and 1000 µM of flavoring chemicals and analyzed for changes in viability, cell membrane damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammatory cytokine release. Viability was unaffected for all chemicals at the 10 and 100 µM concentrations. At 1000 µM, the greatest reductions in viability were seen with decanal, hexanal, nonanal, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, vanillin, alpha-pinene, and limonene. High amounts of ROS were elicited by vanillin, ethyl maltol, and the diketones (2,3-pentanedione, 2,3-heptanedione, and 2,3-hexanedione) from both cell lines. Naïve THP-1 cells produced significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α when exposed to ethyl maltol and hexanal. Activated THP-1 cells released increased IL-1β and TNF-α when exposed to ethyl maltol, but many flavoring chemicals had an apparent suppressive effect on inflammatory cytokines released by activated macrophages, some with varying degrees of accompanying cytotoxicity. The diketones, L-carvone, and linalool suppressed cytokine release in the absence of cytotoxicity. These findings provide insight into lung cell cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine release in response to flavorings commonly used in e-cigarettes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.