ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Structural and Functional Analysis of Female Sex Hormones against SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex Differences in Lung Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Estrogen and viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Sex hormones in COVID-19 severity: The quest for evidence and influence mechanisms.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Sex hormones in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility: key players or confounders?Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2023Review
- Study of the Rv1417 and Rv2617c Membrane Proteins and Their Interactions with Nicotine Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of Erp Virulence-Associated Factor inBiomolecules · 2023Article
- Susceptibility of Fat Tissue to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Female hACE2 Mouse Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds and modulates estrogen receptors.Science advances · 2022Article
- Effect of Norelgestromin and Ethinylestradiol in Transdermal Patches on the Clinical Outcomes and Biochemical Parameters of COVID-19 Patients: A Clinical Trial Pilot Study.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- COVID-19 complications in males and females: recent developments.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2022Review
- The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds and modulates estrogen receptors.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2022Article
- Factors associated with failure of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective case series.The Journal of international medical research · 2022Article
- The impact of calcitriol and estradiol on the SARS-CoV-2 biological activity: a molecular modeling approach.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Why are COVID-19 fatality rates among medical doctors higher than those among medical nurses?International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2021Article
- Urgency of COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents: Androgen and estrogen receptors view.Travel medicine and infectious diseaseArticle
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that males are more susceptible to severe infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus than females. A variety of mechanisms may underlie the observed gender-related disparities including differences in sex hormones. However, the precise mechanisms by which female sex hormones may provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infectivity remains unknown. Here we report new insights into the molecular basis of the interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and the human ACE2 receptor. We further report that glycosylation of the ACE2 receptor enhances SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Importantly, estrogens can disrupt glycan-glycan interactions and glycan-protein interactions between the human ACE2 and the SARS-CoV-2 thereby blocking its entry into cells. In a mouse model of COVID-19, estrogens reduced ACE2 glycosylation and thereby alveolar uptake of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These results shed light on a putative mechanism whereby female sex hormones may provide protection from developing severe infection and could inform the development of future therapies against COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.