ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Cytokines as Biomarkers in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Value for Diagnosis and Drug Therapy.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative effectiveness and safety of biologics and targeted small-molecule therapies plus stable background therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Unravelling the connection between interferons and systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Imbalance of Th17 cells, Treg cells and associated cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Imbalance of helper T cell type 1, helper T cell type 2 and associated cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Protein biomarkers of inflammation in women with SLE and their newborn children.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Article
- Biochemical alterations in inflammation, oxidative stress, and urinary biomarkers associated with renal damage in systemic lupus erythematosus.Journal of medical biochemistry · 2026Article
- From pathogenesis to precision medicine in systemic lupus erythematosus: Emerging biomarkers and targeted interventions.iScience · 2026Review
- Circulating IL-33 as a sensitive alarmin in systemic lupus erythematosus: a biomarker for disease activity and skin-specific manifestations.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Redefining Difficult-to-Treat Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Biomarkers of Molecular Refractoriness Beyond Clinical Failure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Interleukin-1β and MicroRNA-146a as Prognostic and Diagnostic Markers of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Complexity.Iranian journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Interferon levels and interferon-stimulated gene expression identify patient subsets with distinct clinical and immunological characteristics in systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Function of follicular helper 17 T cells in driving B cells for anti-DNA autoantibody production in patients with SLE.Lupus science & medicine · 2025Article
- Applications of Fibronectin in Biomedicine and Cosmetics: A Review.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Comprehensive Profiling of Cytokines and Growth Factors: Pathogenic Roles and Clinical Applications in Autoimmune Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modulate Cytokine Secretion of CD4Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Article
- The role of probiotics in promoting systemic immune tolerance in systemic lupus erythematosus.Gut pathogens · 2025Review
- RSAD2: A pathogenic interferon-stimulated gene at the maternal-fetal interface of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Cytokine-driven glycosphingolipid metabolism modulates endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis in primary human renal mesangial cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Recent Advances of Trained immunity in Macrophages.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Cytokines unveiled: their impact on oral and multisystem features of lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease. The disease is characterized by activation and dysregulation of both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. The autoimmune response targets self-molecules including cell nuclei, double stranded DNA and other intra and extracellular structures. Multiple susceptibility genes within the immune system have been identified, as well as disturbances in different immune pathways. SLE may affect different organs and organ systems, and organ involvement is diverse among individuals. A universal understanding of pathophysiological mechanism of the disease, as well as directed therapies, are still missing. Cytokines are immunomodulating molecules produced by cells of the immune system. Interferons (IFNs) are a broad group of cytokines, primarily produced by the innate immune system. The IFN system has been observed to be dysregulated in SLE, and therefore IFNs have been extensively studied with a hope to understand the disease mechanisms and identify novel targeted therapies. In several autoimmune diseases identification and subsequent blockade of specific cytokines has led to successful therapies, for example tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis. Authors of this review have sought corresponding developments in SLE. In the current review, we cover the actual knowledge on IFNs and other studied cytokines as biomarkers and treatment targets in SLE.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.