ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2021
Education Attainment, Intelligence and COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identifying factors contributing to increased susceptibility to COVID-19 risk: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Pooled it
- APRIL-targeted and dual BAFF/APRIL blockade in primary IgA nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.International urology and nephrology · 2026Review
- Determining population-specific risk factors for COVID-19 susceptibility and severity to inform future individual-level integrated risk scoring.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Causal effects of education, intelligence, and income on COVID-19: evidence from a Mendelian randomization study.Human genomics · 2025Article
- COVID-19 vaccinations among German university students: The role of fear of COVID-19 and risk assessment.PloS one · 2025Article
- Association of educational attainment with hypertension and type-2 diabetes: A Mendelian randomization study.SSM - population health · 2024Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity among Mostly Older, Overweight Black Women Living in the Rural Alabama Black Belt.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Causal associations and genetic overlap between COVID-19 and intelligence.QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians · 2023Article
- Association of socio-economic deprivation with COVID-19 incidence and fatality during the first wave of the pandemic in Italy: lessons learned from a local register-based study.International journal of health geographics · 2023Article
- Can Intelligence Affect Alcohol-, Smoking-, and Physical Activity-Related Behaviors? A Mendelian Randomization Study.Journal of Intelligence · 2023Article
- COVID-19 and cognitive performance: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Mendelian randomization analysis does not reveal a causal influence of mental diseases on osteoporosis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Observational
- Article
- The longitudinal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health behaviors, psychosocial factors, and cognitive functioning in older adults.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEvidence of socioeconomic inequality in COVID-19-related outcomes is emerging, with a higher risk of infection and mortality observed among individuals with lower education attainment. We aimed to evaluate the potential interventions against COVID-19 from the socioeconomic perspective, including improvement in education and intelligence.
methodsWith a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach using summary statistics from the largest genome-wide association meta-analysis, univariable analysis was adopted to evaluate the total causal effects of genetically determined education attainment and intelligence on COVID-19 outcomes. Multivariable analysis was performed to dissect the potential mechanisms.
resultsGenetic predisposition to higher education attainment by 1 SD (4.2 years) was independently associated with reduced risk of COVID-19 severity (OR = 0.508 [95% CI: 0.417-0.617];
conclusionEducation may act independently and jointly with intelligence in improving the COVID-19 outcomes. Improving education may potentially alleviate the COVID-19-related health inequality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.