ArticleRespiratory medicine2021
Smoking status related to Covid-19 mortality and disease severity in a veteran population.
Article in Respiratory medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Post-discharge mortality among SARS-CoV-2-infected adult patients with severe acute respiratory infection in Bangladesh (2020-2023): burden, clinical characteristics, and associated risk factors.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Nicotine dependence among critically ill COVID-19 patients: A population-based cohort study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Examining Male Predominance of Severe COVID-19 Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Androgens: clinical research and therapeutics · 2022Review
- Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 Infections.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionCigarette smoking is associated with development of significant comorbidities. Patients with underlying comorbidities have been found to have worse outcomes associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). This study evaluated 30-day mortality in Covid-19 positive patients based on smoking status.
methodsThis retrospective study of veterans nationwide examined Covid-19 positive inpatients between March 2020 and January 2021. Bivariate analysis compared patients based on smoking history. Propensity score matching adjusted for age, gender, race, ethnicity, Charlson comorbidity index (0-5 and 6-19) and dexamethasone use was performed. A multivariable logistic regression with backwards elimination and Cox Proportional Hazards Ratio was utilized to determine odds of 30-day mortality.
resultsThe study cohort consisted of 25,958 unique Covid-19 positive inpatients. There was a total of 2,995 current smokers, 12,169 former smokers, and 8,392 non-smokers. Death was experienced by 13.5% (n = 3503) of the cohort within 30 days. Former smokers (OR 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.27) (HR 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.23) had higher risk of 30-day mortality compared with non-smokers. Former smokers had a higher risk of death compared to current smokers (HR 1.16 95% CI 1.02-1.33). The odds of death for current vs. non-smokers did not significantly differ.
conclusionCompared to veteran non-smokers with Covid-19, former, but not current smokers with Covid-19 had a significantly higher risk of 30-day mortality.
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Registered trials
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