Trial reportBrain stimulation
Anatomical and fMRI-network comparison of multiple DLPFC targeting strategies for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment of depression.
Trial report in Brain stimulation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cerebellar tDCS and pain modulation: a critical integrative and systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- A sequential dual-site repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Trial
- High-resolution electrophysiological mapping of effective connectivity of lateral prefrontal cortex.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Test-retest reliability and symptom association of personalized depression TMS targets: A comparative study of refined seed-based (RSA) and hierarchical clustering (HCA) approaches.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- The Philadelphia Theta Burst Project: A novel fMRI-guided electric field modeling dataset with reliability metrics.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Neuronavigation for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Mood Disorders: Technical Foundation, Advances, and Emerging Tools.Human brain mapping · 2025Review
- Precision Network Modeling of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Across Individuals Suggests Therapeutic Targets and Potential for Improvement.Human brain mapping · 2025Article
- Mesoscale brain-wide fluctuation analysis: revealing ketamine's rapid antidepressant across multiple brain regions.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Brain tumor patient perceptions toward repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for rehabilitation after surgery.Neuro-oncology practice · 2025Article
- Stimulation Effects Mapping for Optimizing Coil Placement for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.Neuroinformatics · 2025Article
- Individualized rTMS Intervention Targeting Sleep Deprivation-Induced Vigilance Decline: Task fMRI-Guided Approach.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Article
- A review of diffusion MRI in mood disorders: mechanisms and predictors of treatment response.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Review
- Meta-learning of human motor adaptation via the dorsal premotor cortex.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Unraveling the brain dynamics of Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: a dynamic functional network connectivity analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Precision Network Modeling of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Across Individuals Suggests Therapeutic Targets and Potential for Improvement.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based neurofeedback training targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex induces changes in cortico-striatal functional connectivity.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Neuroplasticity of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with treatment-resistant depression as indexed with paired associative stimulation: a TMS-EEG study.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Reproducible routes: reliably navigating the connectome to enrich personalized brain stimulation strategies.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2024Article
- Are we really targeting and stimulating DLPFC by placing transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) electrodes over F3/F4?Human brain mapping · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for depression may vary depending on the subregion stimulated within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Clinical TMS typically uses scalp-based landmarks for DLPFC targeting, rather than individualized MRI guidance.
objectiveIn rTMS patients, determine the brain systems targeted by multiple DLPFC stimulation rules by computing several surrogate measures: underlying brain targets labeled with connectivity-based atlases, subgenual cingulate anticorrelation strength, and functionally connected networks.
methodsForty-nine patients in a randomized controlled trial of rTMS therapy for treatment resistant major depression underwent structural and functional MRI. DLPFC rules were applied virtually using MR-image guidance. Underlying cortical regions were labeled, and connectivity with the subgenual cingulate and whole-brain computed.
resultsScalp-targeting rules applied post hoc to these MRIs that adjusted for head size, including Beam F3, were comparably precise, successful in directly targeting classical DLPFC and frontal networks, and anticorrelated with the subgenual cingulate. In contrast, all rules involving fixed distances introduced variability in regions and networks targeted. The 5 cm rule targeted a transitional DLPFC region with a different connectivity profile from the adjusted rules. Seed-based connectivity analyses identified multiple regions, such as posterior cingulate and inferior parietal lobe, that warrant further study in order to understand their potential contribution to clinical response.
conclusionEEG-based rules consistently targeted DLPFC brain regions with resting-state fMRI features known to be associated with depression response. These results provide a bridge from lab to clinic by enabling clinicians to relate scalp-targeting rules to functionally connected brain systems.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.