Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34766712›Full record

ArticleEnvironmental microbiology2022

Prochlorococcus extracellular vesicles: molecular composition and adsorption to diverse microbes.

Steven J Biller, Rachel A Lundeen, Laura R Hmelo, Kevin W Becker, Aldo A Arellano, Keven Dooley, Katherine R Heal, Laura T Carlson, Benjamin A S Van Mooy, Anitra E Ingalls and 1 more

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Environmental microbiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
34citing papers in PubMed
7.6field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

34 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Vesicle-associated exudates fromApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Diel remodeling and cellular integration of the nitroplast.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. A distinct subpopulation of membrane vesicles inApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Characterization of extracellular vesicles released fromPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Steven J BillerDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2638-823X
Rachel A LundeenSchool of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4219-3942
Laura R HmeloSchool of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Kevin W BeckerDepartment of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6317-1884
Aldo A ArellanoDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Keven DooleyDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Katherine R HealSchool of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4504-1039
Laura T CarlsonSchool of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Benjamin A S Van MooyDepartment of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
Anitra E IngallsSchool of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Sallie W ChisholmDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
University of Washington · USMassachusetts Institute of Technology · USWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution · USWellesley College · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles are small (~50-200 nm diameter) membrane-bound structures released by cells from all domains of life. While vesicles are abundant in the oceans, their functions, both for cells themselves and the emergent ecosystem, remain a mystery. To better characterize these particles - a prerequisite for determining function - we analysed the lipid, protein, and metabolite content of vesicles produced by the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus. We show that Prochlorococcus exports a diverse array of cellular compounds into the surrounding seawater enclosed within discrete vesicles. Vesicles produced by two different strains contain some materials in common, but also display numerous strain-specific differences, reflecting functional complexity within vesicle populations. The vesicles contain active enzymes, indicating that they can mediate extracellular biogeochemical reactions in the ocean. We further demonstrate that vesicles from Prochlorococcus and other bacteria associate with diverse microbes including the most abundant marine bacterium, Pelagibacter. Together, our data point toward hypotheses concerning the functional roles of vesicles in marine ecosystems including, but not limited to, possibly mediating energy and nutrient transfers, catalysing extracellular biochemical reactions, and mitigating toxicity of reactive oxygen species.

Indexed as

Extracellular VesiclesProchlorococcusAdsorptionEcosystemSeawater

Identifiers

PMID34766712
PMCPMC9298688
OpenAlexW3211529829

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.