SynthesisCancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)2022
Urinary estrogen metabolites and gastric cancer risk among postmenopausal women.
Synthesis in Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reproductive factors, hormonal interventions, and gastric cancer risk in the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2024Pooled it
- Urinary estrogen metabolites and gastric cancer risk among postmenopausal women.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2022Pooled it
- Burden and trends of early-onset gastric cancer in the 11 BRICS countries (2025 expansion): 1990-2021 with projections to 2035.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Gastric Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe overall incidence of gastric cancer in women is half that in men for most global populations. Sex hormone pathways may be involved in carcinogenesis and estrogens have been postulated to protect women against gastric cancer.
aimTo evaluate associations of gastric cancer with estrogen metabolites in postmenopausal women. METHODS AND
resultsWe performed an analysis of 233 gastric cancer cases and 281 age-matched controls from three prospective cohorts and two case-control studies of early-stage gastric cancer, mainly conducted in high-risk Asian populations. Fifteen estrogen-parent (estrone and estradiol) and -metabolite analytes (2-hydroxyestrone, 2-hydroxyestradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether, 4-hydroxyestrone; 4-methoxyestrone, 4-methoxyestradiol, 2-methoxyestrone, 2-methoxyestradiol, estriol, 16α-hydroxyestrone, 16-ketoestradiol, 16-epiestriol, and 17-epiestriol) were measured in spot urines using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Odds ratios for association with each marker were estimated by logistic regression. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q test. Study-specific odds ratios were pooled by fixed-effects meta-analysis. Urinary levels of estrogen-related molecules were not associated with gastric cancer (adjusted odds ratios ranged from 0.87 to 1.27; p-values >.05), with low between-study heterogeneity (p-values >.1) for all but two metabolites (2-hydroxyestrone-3-methyl ether and 2-methoxyestradiol).
conclusionTo date, this is the first comprehensive assessment of endogenous estrogens with gastric cancer risk in women. Estrogens do not appear to have an etiologic role in gastric cancer risk among postmenopausal women. Given the complex network of sex steroid hormones and their extreme variation over the lifespan, further evaluation of this hypothesis is warranted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.