ArticleHeliyon2021
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) exposure induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
Article in Heliyon, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Subchronic GenX Exposure Induces Hepatic Alterations Accompanied by Changes in PPAR-Related Lipid Metabolism and Autophagy-Related Proteins in Adult Male C57BL/6J Mice: Partial Attenuation by Chlorogenic Acid.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Forever Chemicals, Finite Defenses: PFAS Burden the Liver, Break Mitochondria, and Outpace Modern Regulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Synergistic toxicity of PFAS and microplastic mixtures across five human cell lines.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2025Article
- Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) promote osteoclastogenesis and bone loss through PPARα activation.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Visceral, Neural, and Immunotoxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: A Mini Review.Toxics · 2025Review
- Assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and associations with oxidative stress biomarkers among pregnant women from the PROTECT cohort.The Science of the total environment · 2025Article
- Comparative Proteomics Highlights that GenX Exposure Leads to Metabolic Defects and Inflammation in Astrocytes.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- GenX uptake by wheat and rice in flooded and non-flooded soils: a greenhouse experiment.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Article
- Article
- Next generation per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances: Status and trends, aquatic toxicity, and risk assessment.Eco-Environment & Health · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, also known as GenX, is a poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS). PFASs are nonvolatile synthetic substances that can be readily disseminated into the environment during processing and use, making them easy to implement in the soil, drinking water, and air. Compared to other PFASs, GenX has a comparatively short carbon chain length and is expected to have a lower tendency to accumulate in humans; therefore, GenX has recently been used as a substitute to other PFASs. However, the mechanisms underlying GenX action and intoxication in humans remains unclear. In this study, the apoptotic capacity of GenX in human liver cells was investigated. When representative human-derived liver cells (HepG2 cells) were treated with GenX for 12 h, cell viability was reduced, and apoptosis was greatly increased. In addition, GenX increased the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating the induction of oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. GenX treatment increased the expression of major apoptosis-related genes relative to the untreated control group. This research indicates that GenX causes apoptosis through ROS mediation in HepG2 cells, which may expand our knowledge of the molecular and toxicological mechanisms of GenX.
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Registered trials
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