ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2021
Decreased Frequencies of Gamma/Delta T Cells Expressing Th1/Th17 Cytokine, Cytotoxic, and Immune Markers in Latent Tuberculosis-Diabetes/Pre-Diabetes Comorbidity.
Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune dysregulation in tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity: mechanistic and translational insights.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Latent tuberculosis infection in high TB disease burden countries dysregulates cellular and immunological profiles which is further enhanced with uncontrolled hyperglycemia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in tuberculosis: protective immunity and translational perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- γδ T cells in diabetes mellitus: dual roles and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Recent advances in biomarkers for diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis comorbidity: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- A Case Report of Wound Infection Caused byInfection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- Article
- Intersecting epidemics: deciphering the complexities of tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity.Frontiers in tuberculosis · 2024Review
- Clinical manifestations and immune response to tuberculosis.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2023Review
- Host-directed therapy against mycobacterium tuberculosis infections with diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Impact of diabetes mellitus on immunity to latent tuberculosis infection.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2023Review
- Multi-Dimensionality Immunophenotyping Analyses of MAIT Cells Expressing Th1/Th17 Cytokines and Cytotoxic Markers in Latent Tuberculosis Diabetes Comorbidity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Cellular Immunity of Patients with Tuberculosis Combined with Diabetes.Journal of immunology research · 2022Review
- High Dimensionality Reduction and Immune Phenotyping of Natural Killer and Invariant Natural Killer Cells in Latent Tuberculosis-Diabetes Comorbidity.Journal of immunology research · 2022Article
- Pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and therapeutic management (Review).Medicine internationalReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antigen-specific gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are important in exhibiting anti-mycobacterial immunity, but their role in latent tuberculosis (LTB) with diabetes mellitus (DM) or pre-DM (PDM) and non-DM comorbidities have not been studied. Thus, we have studied the baseline, mycobacterial (PPD, WCL), and positive control antigen-stimulated γδ T cells expressing Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2) and Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22) cytokine as well as cytotoxic (perforin [PFN], granzyme [GZE B], granulysin [GNLSN]) and immune (GMCSF, PD-1, CD69) markers in LTB (DM, PDM, NDM) comorbidities by flow cytometry. In the unstimulated (UNS) condition, we did not observe any significant difference in the frequencies of γδ T cells expressing Th1 and Th17 cytokine, cytotoxic, and immune markers. In contrast, upon PPD antigen stimulation, the frequencies of γδ T cells expressing Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα) and Th17 (IL-17F, IL-22) cytokine, cytotoxic (PFN, GZE B, GNLSN), and immune (CD69) markers were significantly diminished in LTB DM and/or PDM individuals compared to LTB NDM individuals. Similarly, upon WCL antigen stimulation, the frequencies of γδ T cells expressing Th1 (TNFα) and Th17 (IL-17A, IL-22) cytokine, cytotoxic (PFN), and immune (PD-1, CD69) markers were significantly diminished in LTB DM and/or PDM individuals compared to LTB NDM individuals. Finally, upon P/I stimulation we did not observe any significant difference in the γδ T cell frequencies expressing cytokine, cytotoxic, and immune markers between the study populations. The culture supernatant levels of IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-17A cytokines were significantly increased in LTB DM and PDM after stimulation with Mtb antigens compared to LTB NDM individuals. Therefore, diminished γδ T cells expressing cytokine, cytotoxic, and other immune markers and elevated levels of cytokines in the supernatants is a characteristic feature of LTB PDM/DM co-morbidities.
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