ReviewFrontiers in oncology2021
The Role of the Immune Response in Brain Metastases: Novel Imaging Biomarkers for Immunotherapy.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- FLAIR-based radiomics signature from brain-tumor interface for early prediction of response to EGFR-TKI therapy in NSCLC patients with brain metastasis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Article
- Performance of low- and high-temporal-resolution DCE-MRI texture analysis in distinguishing breast lesions from background enhancement.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases: Challenges in Imaging Interpretation after Treatment.Cancers · 2023Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment of brain metastasis associated with a less invasive growth pattern, higher T-cell infiltration and raised tumor ADC on diffusion weighted MRI.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2023Article
- Emerging therapeutics and evolving assessment criteria for intracranial metastases in patients with oncogene-driven non-small-cell lung cancer.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Brain metastases are a major clinical problem, and immunotherapy offers a novel treatment paradigm with the potential to synergize with existing focal therapies like surgery and radiosurgery or even replace them in future. The brain is a unique microenvironment structurally and immunologically. The immune response is likely to be crucial to the adaptation of systemic immune modulating agents against this disease. Imaging is frequently employed in the clinical diagnosis and management of brain metastasis, so it is logical that brain imaging techniques are investigated as a source of biomarkers of the immune response in these tumors. Current imaging techniques in clinical use include structural MRI (post-contrast T1W sequences, T2, and FLAIR), physiological sequences (perfusion- and diffusion-weighted imaging), and molecular imaging (MR spectroscopy and PET). These are reviewed for their application to predicting and measuring the response to immunotherapy in brain metastases.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.