Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34764259›Full record

ArticleNature communications2021

String Phase in an Artificial Spin Ice.

Xiaoyu Zhang, Ayhan Duzgun, Yuyang Lao, Shayaan Subzwari, Nicholas S Bingham, Joseph Sklenar, Hilal Saglam, Justin Ramberger, Joseph T Batley, Justin D Watts and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Fractional magnetic charges and channeling of Faraday lines by disclinations in artificial spin ice.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  2. Article
  3. String Phase in an Artificial Spin Ice.Nature communications · 2021
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Xiaoyu ZhangDepartment of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
Ayhan DuzgunTheoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, MS B258, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
Yuyang LaoDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
Shayaan SubzwariDepartment of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4651-3541
Nicholas S BinghamDepartment of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
Joseph SklenarDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
Hilal SaglamDepartment of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
Justin RambergerDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
Joseph T BatleyDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
Justin D WattsDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7908-7265
Daniel BromleyDepartment of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0899-2484
Rajesh V ChopdekarAdvanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6727-6501
Liam O'BrienDepartment of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0136-8603
Chris LeightonDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2492-0816
Cristiano NisoliTheoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, MS B258, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0053-1023
Peter SchifferDepartment of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. peter.schiffer@yale.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6430-6549

Funding

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) DE-SC0020162
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

One-dimensional strings of local excitations are a fascinating feature of the physical behavior of strongly correlated topological quantum matter. Here we study strings of local excitations in a classical system of interacting nanomagnets, the Santa Fe Ice geometry of artificial spin ice. We measured the moment configuration of the nanomagnets, both after annealing near the ferromagnetic Curie point and in a thermally dynamic state. While the Santa Fe Ice lattice structure is complex, we demonstrate that its disordered magnetic state is naturally described within a framework of emergent strings. We show experimentally that the string length follows a simple Boltzmann distribution with an energy scale that is associated with the system's magnetic interactions and is consistent with theoretical predictions. The results demonstrate that string descriptions and associated topological characteristics are not unique to quantum models but can also provide a simplifying description of complex classical systems with non-trivial frustration.

Identifiers

PMID34764259
PMCPMC8585881

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.