ReviewPhysiological reports2021
The pathophysiology of leg cramping during dialysis and the use of carnitine in its treatment.
Review in Physiological reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07262879 (Effect of Nurse-Led Intradialytic Stretching Exercises on Muscle Cramp Burden Among Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Nurse-Led Intradialytic Stretching Exercises on Muscle Cramp Burden Among Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pre-Dialysis Serum Myostatin Concentration Is Independently Associated with Intradialytic Muscle Cramps in Hemodialysis Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Metabolomic analyses of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscle cramps, and TJ-68 treatment.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2026Article
- Muscle cramps as disorders of impaired termination of contraction: An integrated neurophysiological framework.Physiological reports · 2026Review
- Dialysis-associated muscle cramps related to high-flow arteriovenous fistula and high cardiac output failure reversed with fistula ligation.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Review
- Carnitine Supplementation in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients-A Literature Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The Effect of Muscle Cramps During Hemodialysis on Quality of Life and Habitual Physical Activity.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Review
- Prevention of Intradialytic Hypotension in Hemodialysis Patients: Current Challenges and Future Prospects.International journal of nephrology and renovascular disease · 2023Review
- Epidemiology of peritoneal dialysis outcomes.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2022Review
- The pathophysiology of leg cramping during dialysis and the use of carnitine in its treatment.Physiological reports · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Leg cramping is a common side effect of hemodialysis, and this is frequently treated by the administration of carnitine, but this is not effective in every patient. Alkalosis is a key component of the etiology of leg cramping during hemodialysis sessions. This is mediated through the binding of calcium ions to serum albumin, which causes hypocalcemia, and an increase in the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Normally the calcium pump on the sarcoplasmic reticulum consumes ATP and quickly reuptakes the released calcium ions, which rapidly stops excessive muscle contractions. Thus, carnitine deficiency results in prolonged muscle contraction because of ATP depletion. However, during ATP production, carnitine is only involved up to the stage of acyl-CoA transport into mitochondria, and for the efficient generation of ATP, the subsequent metabolism of acyl-CoA is also important. For example, β-oxidation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle may be affected by a deficiency of water-soluble vitamins and the electron transport chain requires coenzyme Q10, but statins inhibit its production. The resulting accumulation of excess long-chain acyl-CoA in mitochondria inhibits enzymes involved in energy production. Thus, carnitine administration may be used more effectively if clinicians are aware of its specific physiologic roles.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.