ReviewReviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders2022
Are sex hormones promising candidates to explain sex disparities in the COVID-19 pandemic?
Review in Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Angiographic and clinical outcome of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: A collaborative, individual patient data meta-analysis of six registry-based studies.European journal of internal medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Recent advances in drug repositioning and rediscovery for different therapeutic activities utilizing updated technological approaches.Molecular diversity · 2026Review
- Understanding sex and gender disparities in COVID-19 mortality: a narrative review beyond biology.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Article
- Effect of Pituitary-Target Gland Axis on RAAS in the Context of COVID-19.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular damage in COVID-19.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Review
- The role of pre-onset hair hormone in predicting the prognosis of patients with severe pneumonia and acute COVID-19 outbreak.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Total network controllability analysis discovers explainable drugs for Covid-19 treatment.Biology direct · 2023Article
- Total network controllability analysis discovers explainable drugs for Covid-19 treatment.Research square · 2023Article
- Review
- Susceptibility of Fat Tissue to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Female hACE2 Mouse Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Review
- COVID-19 severity: does the genetic landscape of rare variants matter?Frontiers in genetics · 2023Article
- COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: a study of pathophysiology and interpopulation variability.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Sex and gender differences in community-acquired pneumonia.Internal and emergency medicine · 2022Review
- Premenopausal and postmenopausal women during the COVID-19 pandemic.Przeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review · 2022Review
- CCR2 and DPP9 expression in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients: Influences of the disease severity and gender.Immunobiology · 2022Article
- Relationship Between Platelet Count and In-hospital Mortality in Adult Patients With COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the novel Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is deadlier for men than women both in China and in Europe. Male sex is a risk factor for COVID-19 mortality. The meccanisms underlying the reduced morbidity and lethality in women are currently unclear, even though hypotheses have been posed (Brandi and Giustina in Trends Endocrinol Metab. 31:918-27, 2020). This article aims to describe the role of sex hormones in sex- and gender-related fatality of COVID-19. We discuss the possibility that potential sex-specific mechanisms modulating the course of the disease include both the androgen- and the estrogen-response cascade. Sex hormones regulate the respiratory function, the innate and adaptive immune responses, the immunoaging, the cardiovascular system, and the entrance of the virus in the cells. Recommendations for the future government policies and for the management of COVID-19 patients should include a dimorphic approach for males and females. As the estrogen receptor signaling appears critical for protection in women, more studies are needed to translate the basic knowledge into clinical actions. Understanding the etiological bases of sexual dimorphism in COVID-19 could help develop more effective strategies in individual patients in both sexes, including designing a good vaccine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.