ReviewJournal of immunology research2021
Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis.
Review in Journal of immunology research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Case of Recurrent Chromoblastomycosis Treated with Multiple Surgical Management Options.Dermatopathology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Updates on Chromoblastomycosis: Evolving Insights in Clinical Management and Therapeutic Strategies.Current fungal infection reports · 2026Article
- A novel case of feline Exophiala spinifera disease in Americas: review integrating diagnosis and clinical.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025Review
- The Current Landscape of Repurposed Drugs for Fungal Neglected Tropical Diseases.Current fungal infection reports · 2025Article
- Biological Activity of Silver(I)-1,10-Phenanthroline Complexes AgainstPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Dermatologic fungal neglected tropical diseases-Part I. Epidemiology and clinical features.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2025Review
- Extensive and recurrent infection caused byMedical mycology case reports · 2025Article
- Successful Treatment of Chromoblastomycosis caused by Cladophialophora carrionii with Itraconazole: Clinicopathology, Susceptibility, and Molecular Identification of a Case in Northern China.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Absence of neutrophils impairs the host defense in murine footpad model of chromoblastomycosis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Pathogenic characterization ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Calcineurin activity in Fonsecaea pedrosoi: tacrolimus and cyclosporine A inhibited conidia growth, filamentation and showed synergism with itraconazole.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Development of PCR-Multiplex Assays for Identification of the Herpotrichiellaceae Family and Agents Causing Chromoblastomycosis.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Successful management of chromoblastomycosis utilizing conventional antifungal agents and imiquimod therapy.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2024Article
- Resazurin to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration on antifungal susceptibility assays for Fonsecaea sp. using a modified EUCAST protocol.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2024Article
- Identification of Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis Agents through ITS-RFLP.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Chromoblastomycosis in Brazil: A review of 450 published cases.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2024Review
- Chromoblastomycosis caused byFrontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- New Immunological Markers in Chromoblastomycosis-The Importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 Molecules in Human Infection.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a neglected human disease, caused by different species of pigmented dematiaceous fungi that cause subcutaneous infections. This disease has been considered an occupational disease, occurring among people working in the field of agriculture, particularly in low-income countries. In 1914, the first case of CBM was described in Brazil, and although efforts have been made, few scientific and technological advances have been made in this area. In the field of fungi and host cell relationship, a very reduced number of antigens were characterized, but available data suggest that ectoantigens bind to the cell membrane of host cells and modulate the phagocytic, immunological, and microbicidal responses of immune cells. Furthermore, antigens cleave extracellular proteins in tissues, allowing fungi to spread. On the contrary, if phagocytic cells are able to present antigens in MHC molecules to T lymphocytes in the presence of costimulation and IL-12, a Th1 immune response will develop and a relative control of the disease will be observed. Despite knowledge of the resistance and susceptibility in CBM, up to now, no effective vaccines have been developed. In the field of chemotherapy, most patients are treated with conventional antifungal drugs, such as itraconazole and terbinafine, but these drugs exhibit limitations, considering that not all patients heal cutaneous lesions. Few advances in treatment have been made so far, but one of the most promising ones is based on the use of immunomodulators, such as imiquimod. Data about a standard treatment are missing in the medical literature; part of it is caused by the existence of a diversity of etiologic agents and clinical forms. The present review summarizes the advances made in the field of CBM related to the diversity of pathogenic species, fungi and host cell relationship, antigens, innate and acquired immunity, clinical forms of CBM, chemotherapy, and diagnosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.