ReviewFrontiers in pediatrics2021
Apnoea of Prematurity and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: Current Understanding and Future Prospects for Research.
Review in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Indications and timings for caffeine initiation in preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Continuous positive airway pressure versus methylxanthine for apnoea in preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Personalization of Caffeine Therapy for Apnea of Prematurity: A Potential Role for Sensor Technologies?Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Dosing practices of caffeine therapy for apnoea of prematurity: a retrospective single-centre observational study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Observational
- Brain activity as a candidate biomarker for personalised caffeine treatment in premature neonates.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Dysregulated hippocampal fatty acid metabolism following intermittent hypoxemia-induced neonatal brain injury is rescued by treatment with acetate.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Progress in Methylxanthine Biosynthesis: Insights into Pathways and Engineering Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Effect of Study-Duration and Time of Day on Multichannel Sleep Study Findings in Former Preterm Infants.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Simulated kangaroo care in very preterm infants does not reduce physiological instability: the COSYBABY randomised controlled cross-over trial.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Pharmacological treatment for apnoea of prematurity-the need for an individualised approach.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Review
- AMPK Phosphorylates LMX1b to Regulate a Brainstem Neurogenic Network Important for Control of Breathing in Neonatal Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Pulse oximetry in pediatric care: Balancing advantages and limitations.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2024Article
- Apnoea suppresses brain activity in infants.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Bradycardia May Decrease Cardiorespiratory Coupling in Preterm Infants.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Protective Effects of Early Caffeine Administration in Hyperoxia-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Juvenile Rat.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The effect of acute respiratory events and respiratory stimulants on EEG-recorded brain activity in neonates: A systematic review.Clinical neurophysiology practice · 2023Review
- Editorial: Emerging researchers in frontiers in pharmacology: obstetric and pediatric pharmacology 2022.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- [Recent research on gene polymorphisms related to caffeine therapy in preterm infants with apnea of prematurity].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2022Review
- Recent research on the effect of common treatments given in the perinatal period on neurodevelopment in offspring.Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Infants who are born prematurely are at significant risk of apnoea. In addition to the short-term consequences such as hypoxia, apnoea of prematurity has been associated with long-term morbidity, including poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Clinical trials have illustrated the importance of methylxanthine drugs, in particular caffeine, in reducing the risk of long term adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, the extent to which apnoea is causative of this secondary neurodevelopmental delay or is just associated in a background of other sequelae of prematurity remains unclear. In this review, we first discuss the pathophysiology of apnoea of prematurity, previous studies investigating the relationship between apnoea and neurodevelopmental delay, and treatment of apnoea with caffeine therapy. We propose a need for better methods of measuring apnoea, along with improved understanding of the neonatal brain's response to consequent hypoxia. Only then can we start to disentangle the effects of apnoea on neurodevelopment in preterm infants. Moreover, by better identifying those infants who are at risk of apnoea, and neurodevelopmental delay, we can work toward a risk stratification system for these infants that is clinically actionable, for example, with doses of caffeine tailored to the individual. Optimising treatment of apnoea for individual infants will improve neonatal care and long-term outcomes for this population.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.