ArticleScientific reports2021
U.S. national, regional, and state-specific socioeconomic factors correlate with child and adolescent ADHD diagnoses pre-COVID-19 pandemic.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Relationship Between ADHD Symptom Severity and Sleep Disturbance Using Accelerometer and the Subjective Sleep Disturbance Scale.Journal of attention disorders · 2026Article
- Variation in Rates of ADHD Diagnoses Across Public Schools in Arkansas.Journal of attention disorders · 2026Article
- Demographic and socioeconomic factors influencing ADHD diagnosis in children and adolescents: a population-based nested case-control study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Investigating the Shared and Divergent Neuroanatomical Features of Attentional Deficits in Adolescents.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations of neighborhood deprivation and household income during pregnancy on child externalizing and internalizing problems.Development and psychopathology · 2026Article
- Methylphenidate-effects on orthodontic tooth movement, orthodontically induced and nonorthodontic root resorption? : A micro-computed tomography and immunohistochemical analysis.Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie · 2026Article
- Family socioeconomic status and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in preschool children: a cross-sectional study of 21,366 parent-child dyads in Yan'an, western China.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).Cureus · 2025Review
- Examining the association of neighborhood conditions on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in autistic youth using the child opportunity index 2.0.JCPP advances · 2025Article
- Prescription Stimulant Dispensing to US Children: 2017-2023.Pediatrics · 2025Article
- tDCS and neurofeedback in ADHD treatment.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2025Review
- Psychometric validation of the SNAP-IV rating scale in amblyopic children at high AD/HD risk: structural validity and measurement invariance.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Telehealth implementation for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review.Child health nursing research · 2024Article
- Contributors to Underdiagnosis of ADHD among Asian Americans: A Narrative Review.Journal of attention disorders · 2024Review
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnoses in Finland During the COVID-19 Pandemic.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Trends in Mental Wellbeing of US Children, 2019-2022: Erosion of Mental Health Continued in 2022.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Sociodemographic disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment among U.S. elementary schoolchildren.Psychiatry research · 2023Article
- Non-pharmacological interventions for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.The Lancet. Child & adolescent health · 2023Review
- Can We Expand the Pool of Youth Who Receive Telehealth Assessments for ADHD? Covariates of Service Utilization.Journal of attention disorders · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
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Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most diagnosed emerging neurodevelopmental disorder in children, is a growing health crisis in the United States. Due to the potential increase in ADHD severity during and post the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed recent national and two state-specific ADHD data distribution among U.S. children and adolescents by investigating a broad range of socioeconomic status (SES) factors. Child and adolescent ADHD diagnosis and treatment data were parent-reported via National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). The nationwide childhood prevalence of ADHD is 8.7%, and 62.1% of diagnosed children are taking medication. Louisiana (15.7%) has the highest percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD and California (5.6%) has the lowest, followed by Nevada (5.9%). Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA, n = 51,939) examining 30 factors highlights four areas of interest at the national and state level: race/ethnicity, financial status, family structure, and neighborhood characteristics. Positive correlations between ADHD diagnosis and unsafe school, unsafe neighborhood, and economic hardship are evident nationally and statewide, while the association between a lack of ADHD diagnosis and higher urban neighborhood amenities are evident nationally, but not in two opposing outlier states-Louisiana or Nevada. National and state-specific hierarchical analyses demonstrate significant correlations between the various SES factors and ADHD outcomes. Since the national analysis does not account for the demographic heterogeneity within regions or individual states, the U.S. should rely on comprehensive, county-specific, near real-time data reporting to effectively model and mitigate the ADHD epidemic and similar national health crises.
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