Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34757456›Full record

ArticleJournal of patient-reported outcomes2021

Health-related quality of life for adults living with hepatitis B in the United States: a qualitative assessment.

Catherine Freeland, Rhea Racho, Maureen Kamischke, Kate Moraras, Evangeline Wang, Chari Cohen, Stuart Kendrick

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of patient-reported outcomes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.3field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Observational
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Time for a globally unified chronic HBV terminology?JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2025
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. A Qualitative Exploration of Family and Marital Challenges Faced by the Hepatitis-B Positive Patients and Their Partners in Central India.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine · 2025
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
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  16. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Catherine FreelandHepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Rd., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA. Catherine.Freeland@hepb.org.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1876-2105
Rhea RachoHepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Rd., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
Maureen KamischkeHepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Rd., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
Kate MorarasHepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Rd., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
Evangeline WangHepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Rd., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
Chari CohenHepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Rd., Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
Stuart KendrickFRCP GSK Research and Development, Stevenage, UK.
Hepatitis B Foundation · USAge UK · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn 2019, an estimated 296 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) globally with approximately 2.4 million living within the United States. Those living with HBV require years if not decades of regular monitoring to prevent liver complications from occurring. The aim of this study was to explore the working conceptual framework of health related quality of life (HRQL) for those living with chronic HBV through qualitative analysis.

methodsData were collected by in-depth telephone interviews conducted in 2019 using purposeful sampling as part of a disease understanding assessment on the HBV patient experience within the United States. A directed content analysis approach was utilized by creation of a codebook to guide the organization of data, codes were developed by review of the literature (a priori) and through line-by-line reading of a subsample of queries. All transcripts were analyzed by at least two members of the study team and intercoder reliability was assessed using Dedoose software.

findingsA sample of 19 individuals living with chronic HBV were included within this study. Themes identified from transcripts noted the significant overlap between the reported experience of HBV and constructs within the HRQL model. The psychological impact of chronic HBV on study participants' HRQL overall was considerable and contributed to depression, anxiety, homelessness, drug use, and incarceration.

conclusionOur analysis supports the hypothesis that HBV impacts HRQL and often negatively affects emotional health. Our findings suggest that it would be beneficial to include HRQL assessment in the medical management of HBV, so that interventions can focus on reducing the burden of disease and improving quality of life for those living with HBV.

Indexed as

Antiviral therapyHealth related quality of life (HRQL)Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)Liver cancerLiver diseasePatient experiencePatient reported outcomes (PRO)Viral hepatitis

Identifiers

PMID34757456
PMCPMC8581088
OpenAlexW3212743794

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.