ReviewScandinavian journal of immunology2021
Perforin, COVID-19 and a possible pathogenic auto-inflammatory feedback loop.
Review in Scandinavian journal of immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acute viral respiratory infections are not associated with an increased IMMune Age indeX (IMMAX) four weeks after infection: a prospective observational cohort study.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Article
- Sex-based immune differences influence tumor progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Oral oncology · 2026Article
- Review
- Late-onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Rheumatology international · 2025Review
- Beyond interferon gamma - decreased cellular response to COVID-19 vaccination booster in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Induction Therapies Determine the Distribution of Perforin and Granzyme B Transcripts in Kidney Transplant Recipients.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Deciphering the host genetic factors conferring susceptibility to severe COVID-19 using exome sequencing.Genes and immunity · 2024Article
- Temporal Dynamics of Serum Perforin and Granzyme during the Acute Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Ketogenic Diet and Ketone Bodies as Clinical Support for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2-Review of the Evidence.Viruses · 2023Review
- Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation of COVID-19 in Older Adults.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2023Review
- Possibility of averting cytokine storm in SARS-COV 2 patients using specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators.Biochemical pharmacology · 2023Review
- Cell membrane-coated human hair nanoparticles for precise disease therapies.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2022Article
- Immunosenescence and COVID-19.Mechanisms of ageing and development · 2022Review
- Identifying Immunological and Clinical Predictors of COVID-19 Severity and Sequelae by Mathematical Modeling.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Perforin, COVID-19 and a possible pathogenic auto-inflammatory feedback loop.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
During COVID-19 infection, reduced function of natural killer (NK) cells can lead to both compromised viral clearance and dysregulation of the immune response. Such dysregulation leads to overproduction of cytokines, a raised neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and monocytosis. This in turn increases IL-6 expression, which promotes scar and thrombus formation. Excess IL-6 also leads to a further reduction in NK function through downregulation of perforin expression, therefore forming a pathogenic auto-inflammatory feedback loop. The perforin/granzyme system of cytotoxicity is the main mechanism through which NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes eliminate virally infected host cells, as well as being central to their role in regulating immune responses to microbial infection. Here, we present epidemiological evidence suggesting an association between perforin expression and resistance to COVID-19. In addition, we outline the manner in which a pathogenic auto-inflammatory feedback loop could operate and the relationship of this loop to genes associated with severe COVID-19. Such an auto-inflammatory loop may be amenable to synergistic multimodal therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.