ArticleSleep2022
Electroencephalographic sleep macrostructure and sleep spindles in early infancy.
Article in Sleep, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
BABY SMART (Study of Massage Therapy, Sleep And neurodevelopMenT)
GentleTouch (Study to Evaluate Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP) Responses to Affective Touch and How it Develops in Healthy Term Babies)
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sex differences in electrical activity of the brain during sleep: a systematic review of electroencephalographic findings across the human lifespan.Biomedical engineering online · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Sleep and infant development in the first year.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Infant sleep EEG features at 4 months as biomarkers of neurodevelopment at 18 months.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatrics and Adolescent Women: A Systematic Review of Sex-Based Differences Between Girls and Boys.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Normative longitudinal EEG recordings during sleep stage II in the first year of age.Scientific data · 2024Article
- Differences in intestinal motility during different sleep stages based on long-term bowel sounds.Biomedical engineering online · 2023Article
- The Architecture of Early Childhood Sleep Over the First Two Years.Maternal and child health journal · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectivesSleep features in infancy are potential biomarkers for brain maturation but poorly characterized. We describe normative values for sleep macrostructure and sleep spindles at 4-5 months of age.
methodsHealthy term infants were recruited at birth and had daytime sleep electroencephalograms (EEGs) at 4-5 months. Sleep staging was performed and five features were analyzed. Sleep spindles were annotated and seven quantitative features were extracted. Features were analyzed across sex, recording time (am/pm), infant age, and from first to second sleep cycles.
resultsWe analyzed sleep recordings from 91 infants, 41% females. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) macrostructure results: sleep duration 49.0 (37.8-72.0) min (n = 77); first sleep cycle duration 42.8 (37.0-51.4) min; rapid eye movement (REM) percentage 17.4 (9.5-27.7)% (n = 68); latency to REM 36.0 (30.5-41.1) min (n = 66). First cycle median (IQR) values for spindle features: number 241.0 (193.0-286.5), density 6.6 (5.7-8.0) spindles/min (n = 77); mean frequency 13.0 (12.8-13.3) Hz, mean duration 2.9 (2.6-3.6) s, spectral power 7.8 (4.7-11.4) µV2, brain symmetry index 0.20 (0.16-0.29), synchrony 59.5 (53.2-63.8)% (n = 91). In males, spindle spectral power (µV2) was 24.5% lower (p = .032) and brain symmetry index 24.2% higher than females (p = .011) when controlling for gestational and postnatal age and timing of the nap. We found no other significant associations between studied sleep features and sex, recording time (am/pm), or age. Spectral power decreased (p < .001) on the second cycle.
conclusionThis normative data may be useful for comparison with future studies of sleep dysfunction and atypical neurodevelopment in infancy. Clinical Trial Registration: BABY SMART (Study of Massage Therapy, Sleep And neurodevelopMenT) (BabySMART)URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT03381027?view=results.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03381027.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.