ArticleEnvironmental research2022
Fluoride exposure during early adolescence and its association with internalizing symptoms.
Article in Environmental research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fluoride Exposure and ADHD: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- International fluoride symposium: effects of fluoride on human health and its mechanisms of action - a meeting report.BMC proceedings · 2025Article
- Effect of Voluntary Wheel Running on Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors in Fluoride-Exposed Mice.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Updated consumer risk assessment of fluoride in food and drinking water including the contribution from other sources of oral exposure.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- How the public's knowledge, attitudes, and practice intersect with scientific evidence about fluoride.Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · 2025Article
- TET1 mitigates prenatal fluoride-induced cognition impairment by modulating Bcl2 DNA hydroxymethylation level.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Epigenome-wide association study of fluoride exposure during early adolescence and DNA methylation among U.S. children.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Article
- Maternal Urinary Fluoride and Child Neurobehavior at Age 36 Months.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Article
- Impacts of Fluoride Neurotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Cognition and Mental Health: A Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEarly, chronic, low-level fluoride exposure has been linked to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning deficits in children. Rodent studies suggest a link between fluoride exposure and internalizing behaviors. No human studies have examined the impact of fluoride on internalizing behaviors during adolescence.
objectiveEvaluate the relationship between urinary fluoride and early adolescent internalizing symptoms in the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS).
methodsParticipants in CCAAPS provided non-fasting spot urine samples at age 12 years (n = 286). Urine samples were analyzed using a microdiffusion method to determine childhood urinary fluoride (CUF) concentrations and were log-transformed for analyses. Caregivers of CCAAPS participants completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2) at the age 12 study visit to assess internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression, somatization), and a composite score of the three domains; T-scores ≥ 60 were used to identify adolescents in a clinically "at-risk" range. Race, age of the adolescent, household income, maternal age at birth, caregiver depression, caregiver-child relationships, and age 12-year serum cotinine concentrations were considered covariates in regression models. Sex-specific effects of fluoride exposures were investigated through the inclusion of interaction terms.
resultsHigher CUF concentrations were significantly associated with increased somatization (β = 3.64, 95% CI 0.49, 6.81) and internalizing composite T-scores in a clinically "at-risk" range (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.24, 6.9). Compared to females, males with higher CUF concentrations had more internalizing (p
conclusionsThis is the first study to link fluoride exposure and internalizing symptoms, specifically somatization. Somatization represents an interface of physical and psychological health. Continued follow-up will help shed light on the sex-specific relationship between fluoride and mental health and the role of somatization.
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