ArticleAnnals of medicine2021
Drug dependence is not addiction-and it matters.
Article in Annals of medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Problematic Social Media Use: Which symptoms are necessary conditions for reduced control and negative outcomes to occur over time?Journal of behavioral addictions · 2026Article
- What is the Addictive Potential from Vaping?Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT · 2026Article
- "The Idea of Being Without It is Frightening". Uncertainty and Psychological Dependency for Patients Using Immuno-, Biological, or Precision Therapies: A Qualitative Study.Psycho-oncology · 2025Article
- Why All Behavioral Health Providers Need Addiction Training.The journal of behavioral health services & research · 2025Article
- Harm reduction measures in a recreational gym user with anabolic androgenic steroid dependence: a case report in the context of current best clinical practice.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Article
- Molecular and cellular basis of mu-opioid receptor signaling: mechanisms underlying tolerance and dependence development.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- Behavioral characterization of early nicotine withdrawal in the mouse: a potential model of acute dependence.Behavioral and brain functions : BBF · 2024Article
- Kratom safety and toxicology in the public health context: research needs to better inform regulation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Acute Pain and Development of Opioid Use Disorder: Patient Risk Factors.Current pain and headache reports · 2023Review
- Variation in Clinical Characteristics and Longitudinal Outcomes in Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder Diagnosis Codes.Journal of general internal medicine · 2023Observational
- Provider perceptions of challenges to identifying women Veterans with hazardous substance use.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Opioid-related emergency admissions in people with opioid dependence/use disorder with and without sickle cell disease: An analysis of multi-state insurance claims.General hospital psychiatryArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Accurately identifying persons with addiction is critically important for effectively targeting treatment and harm reduction interventions. Misdiagnosis of addictive disorders can lead to a cascade of negative outcomes, including stigma, discontinuation of needed medications, undue scrutiny of both patients and physicians, and even criminal consequences. A recent study raises significant concerns about the accuracy of diagnosis code data, likely rooted in confusingly-worded International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes and a general misunderstanding of the difference between addiction and physiologic dependence. It is hardly surprising that physicians frequently mislabel patients when the ICD terms used to code for addiction are themselves misleading. ICD codes have not been updated to reflect current understanding of addiction, unlike those in the DSM-5. To explore this issue further, this commentary briefly discusses new information regarding coding data inaccuracies, how coding inaccuracies can lead to misdiagnosis, and the dangers of conflating "addiction" with "dependence." The commentary concludes with a call for the ICD to update their codes to reflect current understanding of addiction.Key messagesIt is not surprising that physicians frequently conflate patients with "addiction" and "dependence" when the ICD terms used to code for addiction are themselves misleading.ICD codes have not been updated to reflect what we know about the nature of addiction, unlike those in the DSM-5.This commentary calls for the ICD to update their codes to reflect current understanding of addiction.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.