ArticleJournal of intellectual disability research : JIDR2022
Executive functions and adaptive behaviour in individuals with Down syndrome.
Article in Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cognitive Predictors of Adaptive Behaviour in Children With Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2026Pooled it
- Family-Centered Care and Family Well-Being in a Community-Based Adapted Sport Program for Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Connection between attention, executive function, episodic memory, and adaptive functioning in young adults with Down syndrome.International journal of developmental disabilities · 2026Article
- Performance-Based Executive Functions Predict Internalising but Not Externalising Maladaptive Behaviour in Students With ID.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2025Article
- Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of an Executive Function Intervention for Young Children With Down Syndrome.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2025Article
- Acceptability of a Novel Parent-Mediated Executive Function Intervention for Young Children With Down Syndrome in Italy.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2025Article
- Delineation of cross-domain associations between everyday executive function and adaptive behaviour in Down syndrome and Williams syndrome.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Laboratory-based measures of executive function and daily living skills in young children with Down syndrome: informing future interventions.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2024Article
- Developmental associations between cognition and adaptive behavior in intellectual and developmental disability.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2024Article
- Role of child demographic, executive functions, and behavioral challenges on feelings about parenting among parents of youth with Down syndrome.Research in developmental disabilities · 2024Article
- Developmental Associations between Cognition and Adaptive Behavior in Intellectual and Developmental Disability.Research square · 2024Article
- Implications of Using the BRIEF-Preschool With School-Age Children With Down Syndrome.American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities · 2024Article
- Considerations for developing syndrome-informed early interventions for children with neurogenetic conditions.International review of research in developmental disabilities · 2024Article
- Psychometric properties of inhibitory control measures among youth with Down syndrome.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2023Article
- Evaluating an adapted reverse categorisation task to assess cognitive flexibility in young children with Down syndrome.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2023Article
- Profiles of Caregiver-Reported Executive Function in Children with Down Syndrome.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Executive functions and adaptive behaviour in individuals with Down syndrome.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2022Article
- Executive function and intellectual disability: innovations, methods and treatment.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrevious research has explored executive functions (EFs) and adaptive behaviour in children and adolescents with Down syndrome (DS), but there is a paucity of research on the relationship between the two in this population. This study aims to shed light on the profile of EFs and adaptive behaviour in DS, exploring the differences by age and investigating the relationship between these two domains.
methodParents/caregivers of 100 individuals with DS from 3 to 16 years old participated in the study. The sample was divided into preschoolers (3-6.11 years old) and school-age children (7-16 years old). Parents/caregivers completed either the Preschool Version of the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (for children 2-6.11 years old) or the Second Edition of the same Inventory (for individuals 7 + years old). Adaptive behaviour was assessed with the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale - Interview, Second Edition.
resultsFindings suggest that individuals with DS have overall difficulties, but also patterns of strength and weakness in their EFs and adaptive behaviour. The preschool-age and school-age children's EF profiles differed slightly. While both age groups showed Emotional Control as a relative strength and Working Memory as a weakness, the school-age group revealed further weaknesses in Shift and Plan/Organise. As concerns adaptive behaviour, the profiles were similar in the two age groups, with Socialisation as a strength, and Communication and Daily Living Skills as weaknesses, but with a tendency for preschoolers to obtain intermediate scores for the latter. When the relationship between EFs and adaptive behaviour was explored, Working Memory predicted Communication in the younger group, while in the older group the predictors varied, depending on the adaptive domains: Working Memory was a predictor of Communication, Inhibit of Daily Living Skills, and Inhibit and Shift of Socialisation.
conclusionAs well as elucidating the EF profiles and adaptive behaviour in individuals with DS by age, this study points to the role of EFs in adaptive functioning, providing important information for targeted interventions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.