Trial reportScientific reports2021
The effects of bathing in neutral bicarbonate ion water.
Trial report in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cellular and Molecular Targets for Non-Invasive, Non-Pharmacological Therapeutic/Rehabilitative Interventions in Acute Ischemic Stroke.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Evaluation of the benefits of neutral bicarbonate ionized water baths in an open-label, randomized, crossover trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Hydrogen Sulfide in Balneology: Physiology, Evidence, and Clinical Translation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A Hot-Spring Water Improves Inflammatory Conditions in an Injury-Induced Atopic Dermatitis Mouse Model by Regulating Skin Barrier Function.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- ChronoSynthNet: a dual-task deep learning model development and validation study for predicting real-time norepinephrine dosage and the early detection of hypotension in patients with septic shock.Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy · 2025Article
- Dimethyl Sulfate as Methylation Agent and Solvent in Highly Regioselective Synthesis of Methyl Salicylate Using Sodium Bicarbonate as a Base.ACS omega · 2025Article
- A novel intervention for wound bed preparation in severe extremity trauma: Highly concentrated carbon dioxide bathing.JPRAS open · 2024Article
- Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2023Review
- Effects of polyphenols in non-centrifugal cane sugar on saliva secretion:Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition · 2023Article
- Osteolytic metatarsal osteomyelitis regenerated by combined treatment of artificial carbon dioxide foot bathing and povidone-iodine sugar ointment: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2022Article
- Functional and cosmetic reconstruction of palmar heat press injury following wound bed preparation combined with artificial highly concentrated carbon dioxide bathing: A case report.Scars, burns & healingArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Percutaneously absorbed carbon dioxide enhances blood flow. The mechanism by which it does so is unclear, but we hypothesized that it involves bicarbonate ions. BALB/c mice were bathed in neutral bicarbonate ionized water (NBIW) and showed increased blood bicarbonate levels and blood flow via phosphorylation of peripheral vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and production of nitric oxide (NO). Phosphorylation of eNOS and NO production were also increased in human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured in medium containing NBIW, and NBIW showed reactive oxygen species scavenging activity. In a double-blind, randomized study in men and women aged 30 to 59 years with subjective cold intolerance, bathing in NBIW elevated body temperature faster than bathing in a control solution and improved chills and sleep quality. Taken together, our results show that percutaneously absorbed carbon dioxide changes to bicarbonate ions, which act directly on endothelial cells to increase NO production by phosphorylation of eNOS and thus improve blood flow.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.