ArticleEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society2021
Sex and gender in respiratory physiology.
Article in European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Slower respiration rate is associated with higher self-reported well-being after wellness training.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Trends in the Asthma Burden Attributable to High Body Mass Index in Children Across 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2021: An Analysis of the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Air pollution and pneumonia hospitalization in Qingyang, China: A time-series analysis.Medicine · 2026Article
- Early alteration of single-breath nitrogen washout (ΔN₂/L) in smokers with preserved spirometry: Association with smoking burden.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Sex modifies the association between blood pressure variability and lung function decline among population over 45 years old: a pooled analysis of two national cohorts.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Spirometric Lung Function Among Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study in University Students.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Effects of Resistance Respiratory Training on Respiratory Muscle Strength in Healthy Active Individuals.Muscles (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Severe Asthma in Women: Clinical Characteristics and Pharmacological Implications for Tailored Management.Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases · 2026Article
- Prognostic models for mortality and hospitalisation risk in a contemporary Australian chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cohort.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Associations between body composition and autonomic cardiorespiratory modulation in young adults.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Sex, hormones, and lung health.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Quality of life associated with breathlessness in the multinational Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study: A cross-sectional analysis.Pulmonology · 2025Article
- Trends in the disease burden of inflammatory bowel disease among the working-age population (20-64 years) from 1990 to 2021: a population-based study.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- The joint effects of multiple air pollutants, genetic susceptibility, and their interactions on incident cardiovascular disease, arrhythmia, and mortality.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Gender and Allergy: Mechanisms, Clinical Phenotypes, and Therapeutic Response-A Position Paper from the Società Italiana di Allergologia, Asma ed Immunologia Clinica (SIAAIC).International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in women: gender in sleep respiratory medicine is a first step towards personalized medicine.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2025Review
- The association of serum klotho with pulmonary function among US adults: a cross-sectional study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- Age Trajectories of OBiomolecules · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in patients with chronic dyspnea.Journal of medicine and life · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex is a biological concept determined at conception. Gender is a social concept. Medicine recognises sex as a biological variable and recommends including sex as a factor in clinical practice norms and as a topic of bench and clinical research. Sex plays a role in respiratory physiology according to two pathways: hormones and anatomy, with females characterised by smaller dimensions at every level of the respiratory system. Sex hormones also play specific roles in lung inflammatory processes, breathing control and in response to diseases. The literature is extremely controversial because many factors need to be considered to avoid erroneous comparisons. The main difficulty lies in creating homogeneous groups of subjects according to age, body weight, lung/airway size, fluctuations in circulating hormone levels, and exercise protocol. Because almost all of the knowledge available in physiology is based on research in males, medicine for women is therefore less evidence-based than that being applied to men. Finally, the number of transsexual people is increasing and they represent new challenges for clinicians, due to the anatomical and physiological changes that they undergo.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.