ArticleEnvironmental health : a global access science source2021
Occupational factors and miscarriages in the US fire service: a cross-sectional analysis of women firefighters.
Article in Environmental health : a global access science source, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-respiratory health risks and mortality associated with fighting bushfires (wildfires): a systematic review.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2025Pooled it
- Infertility burden among women firefighters: a cross-sectional exploratory analysis.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2025Article
- The value of occupational health and safety data: Perceptions of current data practices in the fire service.Journal of safety research · 2025Article
- The Fire Fighter Cancer Cohort Study: Protocol for a Longitudinal Occupational Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Firefighter occupational factors and the risk of preterm birth: results from a survey of women firefighters in the USA.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2023Article
- Women's Health and Working Life: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Birth defects associated with paternal firefighting in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.American journal of industrial medicine · 2023Article
- Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels among Female Firefighters.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Epigenetic Modifications Associated With Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Firefighting.Environmental and molecular mutagenesisArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEvidence from previous studies suggests that women firefighters have greater risk of some adverse reproductive outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether women firefighters had greater risk of miscarriage compared to non-firefighters and whether there were occupational factors associated with risk of miscarriage among firefighters.
methodsWe studied pregnancies in the United States fire service using data from the Health and Wellness of Women Firefighters Study (n = 3181). We compared the prevalence of miscarriage among firefighters to published rates among non-firefighters using age-standardized prevalence ratios. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between occupational factors (employment (career/volunteer), wildland firefighter status (wildland or wildland-urban-interface/structural), shift schedule, fire/rescue calls at pregnancy start) and risk of miscarriage, adjusted for age at pregnancy, education, gravidity, BMI, and smoking. We evaluated if associations varied by age at pregnancy or employment.
resultsAmong 1074 firefighters and 1864 total pregnancies, 404 pregnancies resulted in miscarriages (22%). Among most recent pregnancies, 138 resulted in miscarriage (13%). Compared to a study of US nurses, firefighters had 2.33 times greater age-standardized prevalence of miscarriage (95% CI 1.96-2.75). Overall, we observed that volunteer firefighters had an increased risk of miscarriage which varied by wildland status (interaction p-value< 0.01). Among structural firefighters, volunteer firefighters had 1.42 times the risk of miscarriage (95% CI 1.11-1.80) compared to career firefighters. Among wildland/wildland-urban-interface firefighters, volunteer firefighters had 2.53 times the risk of miscarriage (95% CI 1.35-4.78) compared to career firefighters.
conclusionsAge-standardized miscarriage prevalence among firefighters may be greater than non-firefighters and there may be variation in risk of miscarriage by fire service role. Further research is needed to clarify these associations to inform policy and decision-making.
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Registered trials
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