ReviewJournal of neuroinflammation2021
Headache and immunological/autoimmune disorders: a comprehensive review of available epidemiological evidence with insights on potential underlying mechanisms.
Review in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The association between endometriosis and migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Pooled it
- Cross-trait analyses identify shared genetics between migraine, headache, and glycemic traits, and a causal relationship with fasting proinsulin.Human genetics · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Higher Circulating IL-6 levels as a predictor for poor outcome after migraine preventive treatment: a prospective study.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Trial
- Food-specific IgG-based elimination diet decreased IL-6, TNF-α, and CGRP and improved symptoms in adults with migraine.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Celiac Disease and the Nervous System: A Comprehensive Overview of Neurological Manifestations and Underlying Mechanisms.Neuromolecular medicine · 2026Review
- Building bridges in migraine management: consensus pathways on best practices across primary and specialist care in Italy.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Identification of common genetic and molecular signatures in migraine and comorbid conditions.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Review
- Meningeal neuropeptide and neuroimmune interactions in the context of migraine.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Review
- Screening and functional validation of key genes inFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Correlation of autoantibody profiles with clinical parameters in exfoliative glaucoma patients.International ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Exploring the Link Between Inflammatory Biomarkers (SII, SIRI, PLR, NLR, LMR) and Migraine in Young and Early Middle-Aged US Adults: Evidence From NHANES 1999-2004 and Machine Learning Models.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Beyond the "string of beads": case-based exploration of diagnostic pitfalls and solutions in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Review
- Migraine and Tension-Type Headache Are Associated with Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Uncovering drug targets for cluster headache through proteome-wide Mendelian randomization analysis.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- Headaches in SLE patients: a cross-sectional analysis of clinical, immunological, and Radiological Correlations.BMC rheumatology · 2024Article
- Interplay between cannabinoids and the neuroimmune system in migraine.The journal of headache and pain · 2024Review
- Health care resource utilization and direct costs incurred over 24 months after initiating galcanezumab or standard-of-care preventive migraine treatments in the United States.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2024Article
- Causality between multiple autoimmune disorders and migraine and its subtypes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Several lines of evidence support a role of the immune system in headache pathogenesis, with particular regard to migraine. Firstly, alterations in cytokine profile and in lymphocyte subsets have been reported in headache patients. Secondly, several genetic and environmental pathogenic factors seem to be frequently shared by headache and immunological/autoimmune diseases. Accordingly, immunological alterations in primary headaches, in particular in migraine, have been suggested to predispose some patients to the development of immunological and autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, pathogenic mechanisms underlying autoimmune disorders, in some cases, seem to favour the onset of headache. Therefore, an association between headache and immunological/autoimmune disorders has been thoroughly investigated in the last years. The knowledge of this possible association may have relevant implications in the clinical practice when deciding diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The present review summarizes findings to date regarding the plausible relationship between headache and immunological/autoimmune disorders, starting from a description of immunological alteration of primary headaches, and moving onward to the evidence supporting a potential link between headache and each specific autoimmune/immunological disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.