ArticleBMC women's health2021
Prevalence, risk factors, and management practices of primary dysmenorrhea among young females.
Article in BMC women's health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 69 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Dry Heat Application on Menstrual Symptoms and Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Comparison of Core Stabilization and Dynamic Stretching Exercises on Symptoms Severity and Quality of Life in Primary Dysmenorrhea
Effects of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) in Individuals With Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Study
Effectiveness of Non-invasive Neuromodulation in Primary Dysmenhorrea: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and associated factors of primary dysmenorrhea among women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC women's health · 2026Pooled it
- Vitamin D for primary dysmenorrhea and endometriosis-related pain - A systematic review of registered RCTs.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- The Effect of Fenugreek on the Severity of Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Current drug research reviews · 2024Pooled it
- The relation between body mass index and primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2022Pooled it
- Depression, Nutritional Status, and Substance P/NK-1R Biomarkers in Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Crossover Trial.Depression and anxiety · 2026Trial
- Effects of chamomile and -theanine beverage on menstrual pain, menstrual symptoms, mood, and sleep quality in young women experiencing primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Journal of food and drug analysis · 2025Trial
- The Sprint-Interval Exercise Using a Spinning Bike Improves Physical Fitness and Ameliorates Primary Dysmenorrhea Symptoms Through Hormone and Inflammation Modulations: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2022Trial
- Effects of Modified Wenjing Decoction Combined with Online Publicity and Education on the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea of Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis.Journal of healthcare engineering · 2022Trial
- Real-life use of non-pharmacological strategies and their relationship with symptom burden in primary dysmenorrhea: a cross-sectional study.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Article
- Practicing Diaphragmatic Breathing Reduces Menstrual Symptoms Both During In-Person and Synchronous Online Teaching.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2026Article
- Role of Pentacyclic Triterpenes in the Management of Neurological Disorders: An Insight into Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Mechanistic Insights Into Photobiomodulation for Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- Self-Reported Dysmenorrhea Among Adolescent Girls in the Cape Coast Metropolis: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Pharmacological and nonpharmacological management of dysmenorrhea among senior high school girls in two districts in the Central Region of Ghana.SAGE open medicine · 2026Article
- Observational
- The impact of dysmenorrhea on psychological wellbeing and academic achievement among Jordanian female university students.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Beverage consumption patterns and primary dysmenorrhea among women of reproductive age: a population-based study in Beijing, China.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Prevalence, severity and correlates of dysmenorrhea among postpartum women in Western Kenya: A cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with Severe Primary Dysmenorrhea in Adolescent Girls: A Retrospective Single-Center Study.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Clinical efficacy and neural mechanisms of Tuina for primary dysmenorrhea with cold congestion and blood stasis pattern: a protocol for a randomized controlled fMRI trial.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrimary dysmenorrhea (PD) is one of the most common gynecological conditions among young females, which has a significant negative impact on health-related quality of life and productivity. Despite its high prevalence, the evidence is limited regarding the management-seeking practices and its perceived effectiveness among females with PD.
methodsThis is a cross-sectional study conducted among 550 female students in six universities across Lebanon. The prevalence of PD, associated risk factors, and management-seeking practices were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire.
resultsThe prevalence of PD was 80.9%. Most of the females with PD described their menstrual pain as moderate (56%) to severe (34.6%), which significantly affected their daily activities and studying ability (P < 0.001). The major risk factors associated with PD included heavy menstrual flow (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 10.28), family history of PD (AOR = 2.52), history of weight loss attempt (AOR = 2.05), and medical specialization (AOR = 1.663). Only 36.9% of females with PD sought formal medical advice. Most dysmenorrheic females (76.4%) received medications for the management of PD, and remarkably none of them took hormonal contraceptives. Drugs commonly used for PD were mefenamic acid (26.2%), ibuprofen (25%), and paracetamol (11.5%), which were administered when the pain started (58.2%). All medications were significantly effective in reducing the pain score (P = 0.001), and most NSAIDs were more potent than paracetamol in managing PD (P = 0.001). However, no significant difference in adverse effects among medications was revealed. Moreover, no superiority of any individual NSAID for pain relief was established. Nevertheless, mefenamic acid was associated with the lowest risk of abdominal pain (OR: 0.03, P = 0.005) and the highest risk of flank pain (OR = 12, P = 0.02).
conclusionsSuboptimal management of PD is practiced among university students in Lebanon. Therefore, health care providers should educate dysmenorrheic females to optimize the self-management support of PD. Furthermore, future research is required to investigate females' misconceptions about hormonal contraceptives in the management of PD, aiming to raise awareness and correct misconceptions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.