Observational studyPLoS neglected tropical diseases2021
Evaluation of photography using head-mounted display technology (ICAPS) for district Trachoma surveys.
Observational study in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of Methods for Assessing Chlamydia trachomatis Transmission Intensity: A Systematic Review.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2026Article
- Identifying Borderline Trachoma Grades Using a Three-Latent Class Model.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Telemedicine in the Clinical Care of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Scoping Review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Accuracy, acceptability and feasibility of photography for use in trachoma surveys: a mixed methods study in Tanzania.International health · 2024Article
- Comparing image quality and trachoma detection across three camera types from a survey in Kongwa, Tanzania.International health · 2023Article
- Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys.Ophthalmic epidemiology · 2023Article
- A Virtual Reading Center Model Using Crowdsourcing to Grade Photographs for Trachoma: Validation Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Article
- Photographic grading for trachoma diagnosis within trachoma impact surveys in Amhara region, Ethiopia.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2023Article
- Detection of trachoma using machine learning approaches.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Development and deployment of a smartphone application for diagnosing trachoma: Leveraging code-free deep learning and edge artificial intelligence.Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological SocietyArticle
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs the prevalence of trachoma declines worldwide, it is becoming increasingly expensive and challenging to standardize graders in the field for surveys to document elimination. Photography of the tarsal conjunctiva and remote interpretation may help alleviate these challenges. The purpose of this study was to develop, and field test an Image Capture and Processing System (ICAPS) to acquire hands-free images of the tarsal conjunctiva for upload to a virtual reading center for remote grading. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsThis observational study was conducted during a district-level prevalence survey for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in Chamwino, Tanzania. The ICAPS was developed using a Samsung Galaxy S8 smartphone, a Samsung Gear VR headset, a foot pedal trigger and customized software allowing for hands-free photography. After a one-day training course, three trachoma graders used the ICAPS to collect images from 1305 children ages 1-9 years, which were expert-graded remotely for comparison with field grades. In our experience, the ICAPS was successful at scanning and assigning barcodes to images, focusing on the everted eyelid with adequate examiner hand visualization, and capturing images with sufficient detail to grade TF. The percentage of children with TF by photos and by field grade was 5%. Agreement between grading of the images compared to the field grades at the child level was kappa = 0.53 (95%CI = 0.40-0.66). There were ungradable images for at least one eye in 199 children (9.1%), with more occurring in children ages 1-3 (18.5%) than older children ages 4-9 (4.2%) (χ2 = 145.3, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The prototype ICAPS device was robust, able to image 1305 children in a district level survey and transmit images from rural Tanzania to an online grading platform. More work is needed to improve the percentage of ungradable images and to better understand the causes of disagreement between field and photo grading.
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