ArticlePlant physiology2022
Maize Golden2-like transcription factors boost rice chloroplast development, photosynthesis, and grain yield.
Article in Plant physiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 26 papers.
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26 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Arabidopsis GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors interact with ABA-INSENSITIVE 4 to modulate cotyledon greening in light-exposed etiolated seedlings.Journal of experimental botany · 2026Article
- Review
- An OsGLK1/2-DGP1/2/3 feedback module regulates rice photosynthesis and yield.Science advances · 2026Article
- Genome-wide identification of the GLK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and analysis of expression responses in different environments.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Pod photosynthesis: a new frontier for developing stress-resilient and high-yielding crops.Plant & cell physiology · 2025Review
- Editing of rice PSEUDO-ETIOLATION IN LIGHT microProtein genes promotes chloroplast development.The Plant cell · 2025Article
- Allelic variants of IRKI contribute to photosynthetic efficiency by regulating rubisco activase in Populus.Plant physiology · 2025Article
- ZmDof08, a zinc finger transcription factor, plays critical roles in photosynthesis in maize.Plant cell reports · 2025Article
- SunflowerBiology · 2025Article
- Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of PEL gene family in Brassica napus L.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- Identification and role ofFrontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Genome-wide identification of the GLK transcription factor family in melon and its expression analysis under biotic and abiotic stresses.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Irregular green netting of eggplant fruit peel: a domestication trait controlled by SmGLK2 with potential for fruit colour diversification.Journal of experimental botany · 2024Article
- Article
- Non-CG DNA hypomethylation promotes photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in soybean.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Recent progress on mechanisms that allocate cellular space to plastids.Fundamental research · 2024Review
- Overexpression ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Multi-omics assists genomic prediction of maize yield with machine learning approaches.Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement · 2024Article
- Maize GOLDEN2-LIKE proteins enhance drought tolerance in rice by promoting stomatal closure.Plant physiology · 2024Article
- PEP-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 3 regulates rice tiller formation and grain yield by controlling chloroplast biogenesis.Plant physiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
16 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the sites for photosynthesis, and two Golden2-like factors act as transcriptional activators of chloroplast development in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Rice OsGLK1 and OsGLK2 are orthologous to maize ZmGLK1 (ZmG1) and ZmGLK2 (ZmG2), respectively. However, while rice OsGLK1 and OsGLK2 act redundantly to regulate chloroplast development in mesophyll cells, maize ZmG1 and ZmG2 are functionally specialized and expressed in different cell-specific manners. To boost rice chloroplast development and photosynthesis, we generated transgenic rice plants overexpressing ZmG1 and ZmG2, individually or simultaneously, with constitutive promoters (pZmUbi::ZmG1 and p35S::ZmG2) or maize promoters (pZmG1::ZmG1, pZmG2::ZmG2, and pZmG1::ZmG1/pZmG2::ZmG2). Both ZmG1 and ZmG2 genes were highly expressed in transgenic rice leaves. Moreover, ZmG1 and ZmG2 showed coordinated expression in pZmG1::ZmG1/pZmG2::ZmG2 plants. All Golden2-like (GLK) transgenic plants had higher chlorophyll and protein contents, Rubisco activities and photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area in flag leaves. However, the highest grain yields occurred when maize promoters were used; pZmG1::ZmG1, pZmG2::ZmG2, and pZmG1::ZmG1/pZmG2::ZmG2 transgenic plants showed increases in grain yield by 51%, 47%, and 70%, respectively. In contrast, the pZmUbi::ZmG1 plant produced smaller seeds without yield increases. Transcriptome analysis indicated that maize GLKs act as master regulators promoting the expression of both photosynthesis-related and stress-responsive regulatory genes in both rice shoot and root. Thus, by promoting these important functions under the control of their own promoters, maize GLK1 and GLK2 genes together dramatically improved rice photosynthetic performance and productivity. A similar approach can potentially improve the productivity of many other crops.
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