Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34746730›Full record

ArticleForensic science international. Synergy2021

3D forensic science: A new field integrating 3D imaging and 3D printing in crime reconstruction.

Rachael M Carew, James French, Ruth M Morgan

Abstract readEditorial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Forensic science international. Synergy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The Missing, the Unidentified, and Representational Obligations to the Dead in the United States of America.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2026
    Review
  2. Observational
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Misgendering a transgender woman using FORDISC 3.1: A case study.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2023
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Rachael M CarewUCL Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK.
James FrenchUCL Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK.
Ruth M MorganUCL Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9EZ, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

3D techniques are increasingly being used by forensic scientists in crime reconstruction. The proliferation of 3D techniques, such as 3D imaging and printing being employed across the various stages of the forensic science process, means that the use of 3D should be considered as a distinct field within forensic science. '3D Forensic Science' ('3DFS') is therefore presented in this paper as a field that brings together a range of 3D techniques and approaches that have been developed within different areas of forensic science for achieving crime reconstructions and interpreting and presenting evidence. It is argued that by establishing this distinct field, defining its boundaries, and developing expertise, best practice and standards, the contribution of 3DFS to the criminal justice system can be maximised and the accuracy and robustness of crime reconstruction endeavours can be enhanced.

Indexed as

3D forensics3D modellingEvidence presentationPhotographyRadiographyScanning

Identifiers

PMID34746730
PMCPMC8556510

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.