ReviewFrontiers in pediatrics2021
Breastfeeding Contributes to Physiological Immune Programming in the Newborn.
Review in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of breastfeeding in modulating antimicrobial resistance in neonates: a systematic review.Pediatric research · 2026Pooled it
- Breastfeeding association with DNA methylation in the pregnancy and childhood epigenetics (PACE) consortium.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Pooled it
- Breastfeeding infants with CHD: an evidence summary and recommendations from the Cardiac Newborn Neuroprotective Network, a special interest group of the Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative.Cardiology in the young · 2025Guideline
- Non-exclusive breastfeeding is associated with pneumonia and asthma in under-five children: an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Pooled it
- Determinants of diarrhoeal diseases among under-five children in Africa (2013-2023): a comprehensive systematic review highlighting geographic variances, socioeconomic influences, and environmental factors.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of Traditional and Innovative Safe Breastfeeding Pillows on Postpartum Maternal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy, Awareness, and Comfort: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of nursing management · 2026Trial
- Immunological effects of alpha-lactalbumin-enriched low-protein infant formula: A randomized controlled trial.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025Trial
- Effect of dietary intervention on the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among 6-18-month-old children in rural Malawi.Malaria journal · 2023Trial
- Early-Life Exposures and Risk of Multiple Myeloma: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Australia.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Human milk and breastfeeding support in United States paediatric cardiac ICUs: a multicentre cohort and survey study.Cardiology in the young · 2026Article
- Exploratory Cross-Sectional Associations of Postpartum Maternal Body Mass Index and Infant Anthropometry with Human Milk Hormones and Cytokines.Nutrients · 2026Article
- From genes to environment: A life-course approach to prevent pediatric autoimmune diseases.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Review
- The Oral-Gut-Brain Axis in Pediatric Populations: The Implications of Oral Dysbiosis for Systemic Inflammation and Neuroinflammation.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Maternal trans-vaccenic acid shapes neonatal T cell development and early-life immune imprinting.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Age-related differences and common pathways of lymphocyte subsets in sepsis: a comparative review of elderly and pediatric patients.Cell death & disease · 2026Review
- Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant and lactating women: a comprehensive review.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Article
- LATCH Score for the Identification and Correction of Breastfeeding Problems: A Prospective Observational Study.Cureus · 2026Article
- Functional shifts in immune composition follow lactation stage in human milk.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Coordination Between Treg Cells and Bifidobacterium in the Immune-Bacterial Network of Human Colostrum.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The first 1,000 days in the life of a human being are a vulnerable stage where early stimuli may program adverse health outcomes in future life. Proper maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy modulates the development of the fetus, a physiological process known as fetal programming. Defective programming promotes non-communicable chronic diseases in the newborn which might be prevented by postnatal interventions such as breastfeeding. Breast milk provides distinct bioactive molecules that contribute to immune maturation, organ development, and healthy microbial gut colonization, and also secures a proper immunological response that protects against infection and inflammation in the newborn. The gut microbiome provides the most critical immune microbial stimulation in the newborn in early life, allowing a well-trained immune system and efficient metabolic settings in healthy subjects. Conversely, negative fetal programming by exposing mothers to diets rich in fat and sugar has profound effects on breast milk composition and alters the immune profiles in the newborn. At this new stage, newborns become vulnerable to immune compromise, favoring susceptibility to defective microbial gut colonization and immune response. This review will focus on the importance of breastfeeding and its immunological biocomponents that allow physiological immune programming in the newborn. We will highlight the importance of immunological settings by breastfeeding, allowing proper microbial gut colonization in the newborn as a window of opportunity to secure effective immunological response.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.