ArticleFrontiers in genetics2021
Structural Insights on the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Spike Glycoprotein: A Computational Study With Possible Clinical Implications.
Article in Frontiers in genetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pre-existing IgG antibodies to HCoVs NL63 and OC43 Spike increased during the pandemic and after COVID-19 vaccination.Heliyon · 2025Article
- Heterologous Immune Responses of Serum IgG and Secretory IgA Against the Spike Protein of Endemic Coronaviruses During Severe COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Identification of antigens recognized by salivary IgA using microbial protein microarrays.Bioscience of microbiota, food and health · 2022Article
- Distribution and Functional Analyses of Mutations in Spike Protein and Phylogenic Diversity of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Emerged during the Year 2021 in India.Journal of global infectious diseasesArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been attributed to SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2) and, consequently, SARS2 has evolved into multiple SARS2 variants driving subsequent waves of infections. In particular, variants of concern (VOC) were identified to have both increased transmissibility and virulence ascribable to mutational changes occurring within the spike protein resulting to modifications in the protein structural orientation which in-turn may affect viral pathogenesis. However, this was never fully elucidated. Here, we generated spike models of endemic HCoVs (HCoV 229E, HCoV OC43, HCoV NL63, HCoV HKU1, SARS CoV, MERS CoV), original SARS2, and VOC (alpha, beta, gamma, delta). Model quality check, structural superimposition, and structural comparison based on RMSD values, TM scores, and contact mapping were all performed. We found that: 1) structural comparison between the original SARS2 and VOC whole spike protein model have minor structural differences (TM > 0.98); 2) the whole VOC spike models putatively have higher structural similarity (TM > 0.70) to spike models from endemic HCoVs coming from the same phylogenetic cluster; 3) original SARS2 S1-CTD and S1-NTD models are structurally comparable to VOC S1-CTD (TM = 1.0) and S1-NTD (TM > 0.96); and 4) endemic HCoV S1-CTD and S1-NTD models are structurally comparable to VOC S1-CTD (TM > 0.70) and S1-NTD (TM > 0.70) models belonging to the same phylogenetic cluster. Overall, we propose that structural similarities (possibly ascribable to similar conformational epitopes) may help determine immune cross-reactivity, whereas, structural differences (possibly associated with varying conformational epitopes) may lead to viral infection (either reinfection or breakthrough infection).
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