ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2021
Exosome CTLA-4 Regulates PTEN/CD44 Signal Pathway in Spleen Deficiency Internal Environment to Promote Invasion and Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exosomes as Pivotal Mediators of Tumor-Immune Communication: Implications for Immunotherapy and Liquid Biopsy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- From immune desert to hot tumor: the tripartite synergy of tumor microenvironment-exosomes-immunogenic cell death in pioneering solutions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Unveiling the multifaceted roles of extracellular vesicles in cancer: insights from molecular imaging and engineering strategies.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2025Review
- Exploring the significance of extracellular vesicles: Key players in advancing cancer and possible theranostic tools.Cancer pathogenesis and therapy · 2025Review
- Influencing immunity: role of extracellular vesicles in tumor immune checkpoint dynamics.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2024Review
- CTLA-4 silencing could promote anti-tumor effects in hepatocellular.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Article
- The role of extracellular vesicle immune checkpoints in cancer.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2024Review
- Integrating single-cell and spatial transcriptomics to elucidate the crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and cancer cells in hepatocellular carcinoma with spleen-deficiency syndrome.Journal of traditional and complementary medicine · 2024Article
- Cancer-derived exosomes as novel biomarkers in metastatic gastrointestinal cancer.Molecular cancer · 2024Review
- Macrophage-Derived MMP-9 and MMP-2 are Closely Related to the Rupture of the Fibrous Capsule of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Leading to Tumor Invasion.Biological procedures online · 2023Article
- Yiwei decoction promotes apoptosis of gastric cancer cells through spleen-derived exosomes.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Exosomes carrying immune checkpoints, a promising therapeutic approach in cancer treatment.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2022Review
- Review
- Tumour Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Challenging Target to Blunt Tumour Immune Evasion.Cancers · 2022Review
- A Microfluidic Platform to Monitor Real-Time Effects of Extracellular Vesicle Exchange between Co-Cultured Cells across Selectively Permeable Barriers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Exosomes in the tumor microenvironment: Promoting cancer progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Exosomes: A novel insight into traditional Chinese medicine.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common primary cancers, and its pathogenesis is complicated and difficult to screen. Currently, there is no effective treatment. In traditional Chinese medicine, a large proportion of patients with HCC have been diagnosed with spleen deficiency (SD) syndrome and treated with tonifying traditional Chinese medicine, which has significant clinical efficacy. However, the role and molecular mechanism of SD in HCC remain unclear. In this study, 40 mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, SD, HCC, and SD-HCC groups. The liver cancer model of SD was established by reserpine induction and orthotopic transplantation. The effects of SD on the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis of HCC cells were studied by cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, cell scratch, and transwell assay. We found that compared with the HCC group, the protein expressions of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and AKT (also known as protein kinase B or PKB) in the exosomes of the SD-HCC group were upregulated. In addition, the metastases and self-renewal of exosomes in the SD-HCC group were more aggressive than those in the HCC group, which could be partially reversed with the addition of CTLA-4 inhibitors. Further studies showed that in the internal environment of SD, CTLA-4 promoted tumor invasion and metastasis by regulating the PTEN/CD44 pathway. In conclusion, our findings suggest that during SD in the internal environment, exosome CTLA-4 regulates the PTEN/CD44 signal pathway to promote the proliferation, self-renewal, and metastasis of liver cancer.
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