ReviewMilitary Medical Research2021
The roles of exosomal immune checkpoint proteins in tumors.
Review in Military Medical Research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Granzyme B PET Imaging Reveals LgmnAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- HTLV-1-Derived Exosomes Drive Transcriptional Reprogramming of Monocytes Toward a Mixed M1/M2 Phenotype in HAM/TSP.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Novel extracellular vesicle release pathway facilitated by toxic superoxide dismutase 1 oligomers.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Article
- Metastatic organotropism in peritoneal metastasis: Paget's hypothesis revisited.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Potential of Bovine Colostrum- and Milk-Derived Exosomes in Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Perspectives.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Gut Associated Metabolites Enhance PD-L1 Blockade Efficacy in Prostate Cancer.Oncology research · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective role of DNTαβ Cell transplantation on modulating immune microenvironment in spinal cord injured mice.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Article
- Exosome-Based Theranostic for Gastrointestinal Cancer: Advances in Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Engineering.Small methods · 2025Review
- Exosomes in inflammation and cancer: from bench to bedside applications.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- The role of exosomes in bladder cancer immunotherapy.Journal of the National Cancer Center · 2025Review
- Exosome-based cancer vaccine: a cell-free approach.Molecular biology reports · 2025Review
- Exosome-Mediated Cellular Communication in the Tumor Microenvironment Imparts Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer.Cancers · 2025Review
- Article
- The Mechanism of Action of Exosomes Derived from Glioblastoma Cells.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Influencing immunity: role of extracellular vesicles in tumor immune checkpoint dynamics.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Exploring the potential of the convergence between extracellular vesicles and CAR technology as a novel immunotherapy approach.Journal of extracellular biology · 2024Review
- Review
- Composition, functions, and applications of exosomal membrane proteins.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The Role of Intracellular and Extracellular Vesicles in the Development of Therapy Resistance in Cancer.Current pharmaceutical design · 2024Review
- Targeting the epigenome to reinvigorate T cells for cancer immunotherapy.Military Medical Research · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Targeting immune checkpoints has achieved great therapeutic effects in the treatment of early-stage tumors. However, most patients develop adaptive resistance to this therapy. The latest evidence demonstrates that tumor-derived exosomes may play a key role in systemic immune suppression and tumor progression. In this article, we highlight the role of exosomal immune checkpoint proteins in tumor immunity, with an emphasis on programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), as well as emerging evidence on roles of T cell immunoglobulin-3 (TIM-3), arginase 1 (ARG1), and estrogen receptor binding fragment-associated antigen 9 (EBAG9) expressed by exosomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.