ReviewJournal of neuroinflammation2021
The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress.
Review in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 417 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
417 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 748 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization and Colocalization Study of Memory B Cells and Major Depressive Disorder.Current medical science · 2026Pooled it
- Restoring Gut-brain Function by Medicinal Herbs Offering Neuroprotection through Suppressing Inflammatory Pathways: A Systematic Review.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Novel cell markers with altered expression in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease: A review.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Article
- Characterization of hematopoietic stem cell-derived microglia-like cells in nonhuman primates.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Neurometabolite abnormalities and associations with epilepsy duration and cognition in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies.Epilepsia open · 2026Article
- P2X7 receptor-mediated IL-1β release by human brain tissue: the impact of CNS-penetrant potential therapeutics.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- CD11c + microglia: From basic research to clinical application.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation and noradrenergic modulation with β2-adrenoceptors: Emerging therapeutic targets for Parkinson's diseases.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Virobiome-mediated regulation of microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling and neuroimmune homeostasis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Targeting microglial glutaminase 1 protects against ferroptosis-driven cognitive impairment in perioperative neurocognitive disorders.Cell death and differentiation · 2026Article
- Association between stress hyperglycemia ratio and 72-hour delirium in critically ill patients: A retrospective cohort study from the MIMIC-IV database.Metabolism open · 2026Article
- Hippocampal neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles modulate microglia to promote resilience against tau oligomers.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- PDCD1 Signaling in Microglia Can Reduce Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury by Regulating PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway, Thereby Alleviating Neurological Dysfunction.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Microglial synaptic pruning in early Alzheimer's disease: emerging roles of the IL-1β-NLRP3 axis.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- The Gut Mucosal Barrier-Neuroinflammation Axis in Vascular Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Cerebral Ischemia: A Narrative Review of Candidate Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Targeting the microglial phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis pathway promotes GABARAP-associated phagocytosis and Aβ clearance in Alzheimer's disease.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Hydrocephalus-associated persistent pain: a preclinical investigation correlating brain fluid imbalance and sensory alterations.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) in neuroinflammation: From acute hemorrhagic stroke to chronic neurodegeneration.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Review
- Roles of Microglia in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Towards a Whole-Body Assessment of Pain Using the 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO) as a Broad-Spectrum Imaging Marker of Inflammation.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Review
357 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Microglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of microglia in pathological contexts, however, immunological concepts from these studies have been applied to describe neuro-immune interactions in the absence of disease, injury, or infection. Indeed, terms such as 'microglia activation' or 'neuroinflammation' are used ubiquitously to describe changes in neuro-immune function in disparate contexts; particularly in stress research, where these terms prompt undue comparisons to pathological conditions. This creates a barrier for investigators new to neuro-immunology and ultimately hinders our understanding of stress effects on microglia. As more studies seek to understand the role of microglia in neurobiology and behavior, it is increasingly important to develop standard methods to study and define microglial phenotype and function. In this review, we summarize primary research on the role of microglia in pathological and physiological contexts. Further, we propose a framework to better describe changes in microglia1 phenotype and function in chronic stress. This approach will enable more precise characterization of microglia in different contexts, which should facilitate development of microglia-directed therapeutics in psychiatric and neurological disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.