ArticleEnvironmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)2021
Early life exposure to greenness and executive function and behavior: An application of inverse probability weighting of marginal structural models.
Article in Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Green space is associated with better directed attention and higher crystallized intelligence in middle childhood: Evidence from the ABCD study.Environment international · 2026Article
- Preconception, prenatal and early childhood exposure to green space and risk of neurodevelopmental delays: a national cohort study among Medicaid enrollees.Environment international · 2025Article
- Increased urban greenspace in childhood associated with lower inattention deficit among adolescents.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Green Space and Internalizing or Externalizing Symptoms Among Children.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Associations of residential green space with internalizing and externalizing behavior in early childhood.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2024Article
- School Greenness and Student-Level Academic Performance: Evidence From the Global South.GeoHealth · 2023Article
- The Association between Physical Environment and Externalising Problems in Typically Developing and Neurodiverse Children and Young People: A Narrative Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Associations of Neighborhood Opportunity and Social Vulnerability With Trajectories of Childhood Body Mass Index and Obesity Among US Children.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Applications of conceptual models from lifecourse epidemiology in ecology and evolutionary biology.Biology letters · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Increasingly, studies suggest benefits of natural environments or greenness on children's health. However, little is known about cumulative exposure or windows of susceptibility to greenness exposure. Using inverse probability weighting of marginal structural models (IPW/MSM), we estimated effects of greenness exposure from birth through adolescence on executive function and behavior. We analyzed data of 908 children from Project Viva enrolled at birth in 1999-2002 and followed up until early adolescence. In mid-childhood (median 7.7 years) and early adolescence (13.1 years), executive function and behavior were assessed using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Greenness was measured at birth, early childhood, mid-childhood, and early adolescence, using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. We used inverse probability weighting of marginal structural models to estimate effects of interventions that ensure maximum greenness exposure versus minimum through all intervals; and that ensure maximum greenness only in early childhood (vs. minimum through all intervals). Results of the effects of "maximum (vs. minimum) greenness at all timepoints" did not suggest associations with mid-childhood outcomes. Estimates of "maximum greenness only in early childhood (vs. minimum)" suggested a beneficial association with mid-childhood SDQ (-3.21, 99 %CI: -6.71,0.29 mother-rated; -4.02, 99 %CI: -7.87,-0.17 teacher-rated). No associations were observed with early adolescent outcomes. Our results for "persistent" maximum greenness exposure on behavior, were not conclusive with confidence intervals containing the null. The results for maximum greenness "only in early childhood" may shed light on sensitive periods of greenness exposure for behavior regulation.
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