ArticleCell reports2021
Selective functional antibody transfer into the breastmilk after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article in Cell reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Impact of Maternal COVID-19 Infection Versus Vaccination on Mucosal Immunity in Breastmilk.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Building better antibody responses: The interplay of infection, vaccination, and immune imprinting.PNAS nexus · 2026Review
- Lactoferrin and SIgA Concentrations in Human Milk of SARS-CoV-Infected Mothers-Polish Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Impact of Maternal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on Immunological Components of Breast Milk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Neonates exposed to HIV but uninfected exhibit an altered gut microbiota and inflammation associated with impaired breast milk antibody function.Microbiome · 2024Article
- Regulators of placental antibody transfer through a modeling lens.Nature immunology · 2024Review
- A literature review of drug transport mechanisms during lactation.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2024Review
- Enhanced D614G and Omicron Variants Antibody Persistence in Infants at 2 Months of Age Following Maternal mRNA Booster Vaccination During Pregnancy or Postpartum.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2024Article
- Antibodies in breast milk: Pro-bodies designed for healthy newborn development.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- Neutralizing and binding antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 with hybrid immunity in pregnancy.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human breast milk following SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Article
- Beta-containing bivalent SARS-CoV-2 protein vaccine elicits durable broad neutralization in macaques and protection in hamsters.Communications medicine · 2023Article
- The cellular and immunological dynamics of early and transitional human milk.Communications biology · 2023Article
- A large series of molecular and serological specimens to evaluate mother-to-child SARS-CoV-2 transmission: a prospective study from the Italian Obstetric Surveillance System.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023Article
- Both COVID-19 infection and vaccination induce high-affinity cross-clade responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants.iScience · 2022Article
- IgG and IgA Antibodies Post SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in the Breast Milk and Sera of Breastfeeding Women.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Intramuscular mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 induces neutralizing salivary IgA.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG and IgA response in maternal blood and breastmilk of vaccinated naïve and convalescent lactating participants.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Antibody transfer via breastmilk represents an evolutionary strategy to boost immunity in early life. Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific antibodies have been observed in the breastmilk, the functional quality of these antibodies remains unclear. Here, we apply systems serology to characterize SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in maternal serum and breastmilk to compare the functional characteristics of antibodies in these fluids. Distinct SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses are observed in the serum and breastmilk of lactating individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, with a more dominant transfer of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM into breastmilk. Although IgGs are present in breastmilk, they are functionally attenuated. We observe preferential transfer of antibodies capable of eliciting neutrophil phagocytosis and neutralization compared to other functions, pointing to selective transfer of certain functional antibodies to breastmilk. These data highlight the preferential transfer of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgM to breastmilk, accompanied by select IgG subpopulations, positioned to create a non-pathologic but protective barrier against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Registered trials
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