ReviewInflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]2022
Gut microbiome, Vitamin D, ACE2 interactions are critical factors in immune-senescence and inflammaging: key for vaccine response and severity of COVID-19 infection.
Review in Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.], 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Micronutrients, Vitamin D, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Causal Inference Studies.Nutrition reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- The Modulatory Role of Vitamin D in the Molecular Mechanisms of Sepsis and Infections with Focus on Viral Pathogenesis: A Narrative Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Inflammaging and the role of micronutrients as immunomodulators: a pathway to healthy aging.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as immune modulators in aging and age-related chronic inflammatory diseases.Ageing research reviews · 2026Review
- Vitamin D/VDR Signaling and Programmed Cell Death in Sepsis-Associated Organ Injury: Evidence from Sepsis and Related Disease Models.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Serum level of TNF-a, IL-1 and IL-6 and serum biomarkers after nutritional change in patients' ventilator-associated pneumonia.Journal of medical biochemistry · 2025Article
- Chronic inflammation in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 modulates gut microbiome: a review of literature on COVID-19 sequelae and gut dysbiosis.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
- Periodontitis is associated with altered salivary anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody patterns in vaccinated individuals.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Comparison of the role of vitamin D in normal organs and those affected by COVID-19.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Intestinal Microbiota and Its Effect on Vaccine-Induced Immune Amplification and Tolerance.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID.NPJ science of food · 2024Review
- The Potential Use of Vitamin D3 and Phytochemicals for Their Anti-Ageing Effects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Sputum production and salivary microbiome in COVID-19 patients reveals oral-lung axis.PloS one · 2024Article
- Antibody Profiling of Microbial Antigens in the Blood of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Recipients Using Microbial Protein Microarrays.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Gut microbiota, malnutrition, and immunity: COVID-19's confounding triad.Cell host & microbe · 2023Article
- Relationship between Vitamin D and Immunity in Older People with COVID-19.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Mechanisms Leading to Gut Dysbiosis in COVID-19: Current Evidence and Uncertainties Based on Adverse Outcome Pathways.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Probiotics and probiotic-based vaccines: A novel approach for improving vaccine efficacy.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Can vitamin D status influence seroconversion to SARS-COV2 vaccines?Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to spread sporadically in the Unites States and worldwide. The severity and mortality excessively affected the frail elderly with co-existing medical diseases. There is growing evidence that cross-talk between the gut microbiome, Vitamin D and RAS/ACE2 system is essential for a balanced functioning of the elderly immune system and in regulating inflammation. In this review, we hypothesize that the state of gut microbiome, prior to infection determines the outcome associated with COVID-19 sepsis and may also be a critical factor in success to vaccination.
methodsArticles from PubMed/Medline searches were reviewed using a combination of terms "SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Inflammaging, Immune-senescence, Gut microbiome, Vitamin D, RAS/ACE2, Vaccination".
conclusionEvidence indicates a complex association between gut microbiota, ACE-2 expression and Vitamin D in COVID-19 severity. Status of gut microbiome is highly predictive of the blood molecular signatures and inflammatory markers and host responses to infection. Vitamin D has immunomodulatory function in innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infection. Anti-inflammatory functions of Vit D include regulation of gut microbiome and maintaining microbial diversity. It promotes growth of gut-friendly commensal strains of Bifida and Fermicutus species. In addition, Vitamin D is a negative regulator for expression of renin and interacts with the RAS/ ACE/ACE-2 signaling axis. Collectively, this triad may be the critical, link in determination of outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The presented data are empirical and informative. Further research using advanced systems biology techniques and artificial intelligence-assisted integration could assist with correlation of the gut microbiome with sepsis and vaccine responses. Modulating these factors may impact in guiding the success of vaccines and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.