Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34737918›Full record

ArticleNano energy2021

Long-term in vivo operation of implanted cardiac nanogenerators in swine.

Jun Li, Timothy A Hacker, Hao Wei, Yin Long, Fan Yang, Dalong Ni, Allison Rodgers, Weibo Cai, Xudong Wang

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nano energy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Novel Electroactive Therapeutic Platforms for Cardiac Arrhythmia Management.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Biomechanical Sensing Systems for Cardiac Activity Monitoring.International journal of biomaterials · 2022
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Jun LiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
Timothy A HackerCardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
Hao WeiDepartments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
Yin LongDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
Fan YangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
Dalong NiDepartments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
Allison RodgersCardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
Weibo CaiDepartments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
Xudong WangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Funding

Nanogenerator-Driven Self-Sustainable Power Source for Intracardiac PacemakersR01HL157077 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI WANG, XUDONG · 2021 to 2024
$2.7M
NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL157077
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Implantable nanogenerators (i-NG) provide power to cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) by harvesting biomechanical energy locally eliminating the need for batteries. However, its long-term operation and biological influences on the heart have not been tested. Here, we evaluate a soft and flexible i-NG system engineered for long-term in vivo cardiac implantation. It consisted of i-NG, leads, and receivers, and was implanted on the epicardium of swine hearts for 2 months. The i-NG system generated electric current throughout the testing period. Biocompatibility and biosafety were established based on normal blood and serum test results and no tissue reactions. Heart function was unchanged over the testing period as validated by normal electrocardiogram (ECG), transthoracic ultrasound, and invasive cardiac functional measures. This research demonstrates the safety, long term operation and therefore the feasibility of using i-NGs to power the next generation CIEDs.

Indexed as

BiocompatibilityCardiac functionelectronic devicesImplantable nanogeneratorLong-term implantationSelf-powered cardiovascular implantable

Identifiers

PMID34737918
PMCPMC8562697

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.