ArticleNPJ vaccines2021
Distinct SARS-CoV-2 antibody reactivity patterns elicited by natural infection and mRNA vaccination.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hidden asymptomatic breakthrough infection in a proof-of-concept longitudinal study on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine recipients.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Article
- Widespread SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Despite Limited Reported Cases and Clinical Disease: Exploring the Role of Pre-Existing Humoral Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Eastern Sierra Leone.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- Exploration of immune phenotypes in self-sampling citizens.iScience · 2026Article
- High-sensitivity electrochemical immunosensor for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG detection using screen-printed carbon/cerium oxide-gold electrode.ADMET & DMPK · 2026Article
- Proteomic signatures of COVID-19 Post-Vaccination/Post-Infection Syndrome (PV/PIS): insights into immune dysregulation and coagulopathy.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- High-throughput multiplexed gene and cell doping analysis through CRISPR-Cas12a system integrated with blood direct PCR.Science advances · 2025Article
- Lipid Nanoparticle Development for A Fluvid mRNA Vaccine Targeting Seasonal Influenza and SARS-CoV-2.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Identification of undetected SARS-CoV-2 infections by clustering of Nucleocapsid antibody trajectories.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Anti-nucleocapsid and anti-spike antibody trajectories in people with post-covid condition versus acute-only infections: a nested longitudinal case-control study within the Virus Watch prospective cohort.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A serological survey of COVID-19 among predominantly aboriginal residents of a tourist island in southern Thailand.Tropical medicine and health · 2024Article
- The 60-year evolution of lipid nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2024Review
- Centenarians, semi and supercentenarians, COVID-19 and Spanish flu: a serological assessment to gain insight into the resilience of older centenarians to COVID-19.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2024Article
- Subacute thyroiditis in the SARS-CoV-2 era: a multicentre prospective study.European thyroid journal · 2024Article
- Comparison of Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Signatures in Maternal and Infant Blood after COVID-19 Infection versus COVID-19 Vaccination during Pregnancy.American journal of perinatology · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and associated factors among primary healthcare workers in France after the third COVID-19 wave.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Magnitude and Duration of Serum Neutralizing Antibody Titers Induced by a Third mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination against Omicron BA.1 in Older Individuals.Infection & chemotherapy · 2024Article
- Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies and Cytokine Profiles in Pregnancy.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Humoral profiles of toddlers and young children following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Primary Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 via Infection or Vaccination Determines Mucosal Antibody-Dependent ACE2 Binding Inhibition.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
22 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We analyzed data from two ongoing COVID-19 longitudinal serological surveys in Orange County, CA., between April 2020 and March 2021. A total of 8476 finger stick blood specimens were collected before and after a vaccination campaign. IgG levels were determined using a multiplex antigen microarray containing antigens from SARS-CoV-2, SARS, MERS, Common CoV, and Influenza. Twenty-six percent of specimens from unvaccinated Orange County residents in December 2020 were SARS-CoV-2 seropositive; out of 852 seropositive individuals 77 had symptoms and 9 sought medical care. The antibody response was predominantly against nucleocapsid (NP), full length, and S2 domain of spike. Anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) reactivity was low and not cross-reactive against SARS S1 or SARS RBD. A vaccination campaign at the University of California Irvine Medical Center (UCIMC) started on December, 2020 and 6724 healthcare workers were vaccinated within 3 weeks. Seroprevalence increased from 13% pre-vaccination to 79% post-vaccination in January, 93% in February, and 99% in March. mRNA vaccination induced higher antibody levels than natural exposure, especially against the RBD domain and cross-reactivity against SARS RBD and S1 was observed. Nucleocapsid protein antibodies can be used to distinguish vaccinees to classify pre-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Previously infected individuals developed higher antibody titers to the vaccine than non pre-exposed individuals. Hospitalized patients in intensive care with severe disease reach significantly higher antibody levels than mild cases, but lower antibody levels compared to the vaccine. These results indicate that mRNA vaccination rapidly induces a much stronger and broader antibody response than SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.