Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34737119›Full record

ArticleBiomedical journal2022

Would foot arch development in children characterize a body maturation process? A prospective longitudinal study.

Chia-Hsieh Chang, Wen-Tien Yang, Chang-Ping Wu, Liang-Wey Chang

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Biomedical journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
0.5field-weighted citation impact, top 39% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. A concerted effort combating hepatitis.Biomedical journal · 2022
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Chia-Hsieh ChangInstitute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Wen-Tien YangTaipei City University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
Chang-Ping WuInstitute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Liang-Wey ChangInstitute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: bmechlw@ntu.edu.tw.
National Taiwan University · TWTaipei City University of Science and Technology · TW

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFlatfoot (Pes Planus), often regarded as a physiological deviation in children, is of concern to parents because there is no test to predict the development of foot arch. This study aimed to use a new diagnostic flatfoot criterion to determine 1) how the footprint index changes during the development of foot arches, 2) what factors can predict a foot arch development, and 3) whether foot arch development could be a process of body growth.

methods572 children were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study of anthropometrical parameters and physical fitness twice at age of 6.7 and 8.2 years. The bimodal frequency distribution of the Chippaux-Smirak index (CSI) of the footprint was used to define flatfoot as CSI <0.58 and non-flatfoot as CSI >0.61. Body measurements and physical fitness tests were compared between children with flatfeet who developed foot arches and children who did not.

resultsOf 263 children with flatfeet, the CSI significantly changed from 0.72 to 0.46 in 70 children who developed foot arches over 1.5 years and the others had minimal change in the index. Children with foot arch development had a lower initial CSI, improved boys' performance in one-leg balance, and less increase in girls' body height than children who remained flatfooted, whereas sex and weight were similar in both groups.

conclusionThis longitudinal study with the bimodal distribution of the CSI investigated how the development of foot arch advances in children around age 7. A significant and unique pattern in change of the CSI suggests involvement of a maturational stage in foot arch development. Along with the improved performance in one-leg balance, the unidirectional transition from flatfoot to non-flatfoot is associated with improvement in motor control of the ankle.

trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-OCS-14004300).

Indexed as

FlatfootAnthropometryChildFemaleFootHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleProspective StudiesBimodal distributionChippaux-Smirak indexFlatfootOne leg balancePhysical fitness

Identifiers

PMID34737119
PMCPMC9661516
OpenAlexW3208149916

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.